Thursday, August 27, 2020

The Role Of Zara As A Brand Commerce Essay

The Role Of Zara As A Brand Commerce Essay Zara is a style brand from the place of Inditex SA, of Spain, which is one of the main design retailers of the world. Zara began its retail tasks for the in 1975, with its first store opened at La Coruna in Galicia, Spain. By and by this is the administrative center of Zara. Zaras retail activity presently reaches out to around 650 stores working in 50 unique nations. In the course of the most recent five years Zaras deals has expanded at a consistent pace of 25% and Zara as a brand adds to about 80% of the companys complete benefits. There are questions that pull forward the requirement for this exploration to be attempted. A portion of these inquiries would be that when most style retailers revealed negative yearly benefits because of the worldwide financial downturn, how has Zara had the option to persistently build its productivity? What are the systems utilized by Zara? What are the quality control checks utilized by Zara? How adaptable is Zaras plan of action lastly what does Zara follow to keep up its high piece of the pie and simultaneously rival other design retailers? Zara centers around the attire business more as an utilization showcase instead of being a product advertise. Subsequently Zara centers around speed and hence takes a gander at constant decrease of reaction time. Thus to accomplish this Zara has a successful vertically coordinated gracefully chain which is firmly incorporated with the clients. It is from here that the most recent patterns in style are distinguished and the articles of clothing are created as needs be and conveyed to stores inside a time of about fourteen days. . 1.3 Competitive Priorities of Zara: The recognizable serious needs on which Zara has developed its fruitful plan of action are as per the following: 1.3.1 Fast speed of creation: Zara can change a style idea and spot finish items in the stores inside a time of about fourteen days. Zara has committed groups at stores which permit the retailer to get originator affected items at an exceptionally fast pace inside the stores. 1.3.2 Variation of Production: Zaras esteem chain involves individuals who committed work intimately with clients in spotting new patterns of interest in style. They can dispatch new patterns, plans and variety of items. 1.3.3 Cost Leadership: Zara produces popular scope of items at a reasonable estimating. When contrasted with different rivals in the equivalent vital gathering, Zaras items are valued lower than GAP and Benetton. The primary reasons because of which Zara can accomplish cost authority is on the grounds that they keep a low degree of stock in stores. Their effective appropriation framework permits them to get items in the store without a moment to spare. Because of which Zara has a high yearly stock turnover. 1.4 Applying Porters Generic Strategy: On use of Porters nonexclusive technique it has been seen that Zara takes a gander at the wide extent of the market. Zara utilizes a mix of separation and in general cost authority. The capacity to create distinctive scope of style at a quick pace is the separating component of Zara that gives them a high feasible upper hand. Generally speaking cost administration is accomplished through the vertically incorporated gracefully chain that Zara has. Because of the productive flexibly chain, Zara can accomplish a high stock turnover and simultaneously keep up a low degree of stock in stores. 1.5 The act of Total Quality administration and its usage in Zaras vertical gracefully chain: 1975-1995: Since its origin in 1975 till 1995 Zara has followed the strategy for assessment so as to keep a mind the nature of its items. Zaras structuring group has worked intimately with clients and have invest their energy in detecting the most recent patterns sought after. A moment sketch of the plan has been dissected and the as needs be delivered. The quality control groups at Zara reviewed the structures before putting them in stores. 1995 till date: After 1995 Zara has executed the act of Total Quality administration. In this training Zaras vertically incorporated flexibly bind attempts to accomplish Continuous Improvement of their procedures, which incorporates spotting of the style patterns, structuring, and acquisition of their materials, the CAD innovation they use for planning, their improved stock administration lastly their unified coordinations and conveyance framework. Every one of the parts of the gracefully chain process has been clarified beneath. From the part of workers, Zara contributes a great deal on the inspiration of representatives. They chiefly employ youngsters who are imaginative and can comprehend the most recent patterns of design. By and large these two viewpoints are utilized to accomplish significant level of consumer loyalty. 1.6 Supply Chain View of Zara: As indicated by McMillan and Mullen (Operations Management Volume 2: 2002), the reason for SCM is to incorporate all errands related with the bi-directional progression of materials, data and fund into composed, intelligible, oversaw forms so as to give start to finish the board and control. One of the vital models that help this view is the Supply Chain Management in Zara. 1.6.1 Design and Production: Zara utilizes simultaneous planning process which coordinates individuals from the whole association structure in making its plans for style. This incorporates individuals from the acquisition group, fashioners, advertise pros lastly inputs acquired from deals administrators and senior supervisor. The normal age of the structuring group is 26 years. These planners recognize the most recent patterns from various sources, for example, design shows, magazines and exchange fairs. At that point they make a sketch of the structure and these plans are counseled upon by various individuals from the obtainment and creation divisions. Just 25% of the absolute number of ideas are acknowledged and really executed. Zaras business forms are coordinated and cross practical groups work over all procedures. Because of this there is a quick progression of data which lessens the dynamic time and thusly the lead time. 1.6.2 Procurement: 60% of the items delivered by Zara are by their own production lines. Zara has around 25 processing plants over the world and the majority of the plants run on a solitary move premise. Along these lines Zara has unutilised limit which they use for speedy reaction to increment in occasional interest. Because of this Zara can change their items rapidly to the stores in any event, when the interest is high. In spite of the fact that the structure and mechanized assembling is finished by Zara in house, a large portion of the work concentrated exercises are re-appropriated to lessen generally speaking expense. 1.6.3 Information Systems: Most of the structures created are finished utilizing CAD. This is a significant purpose behind creation the assembling procedure quick. Aside from this ZARA puts impressively on innovation so as to help in the progression of data. Zara senior supervisors gangs hand held PDA which they use to send data, for example, marketing projections, request setting and client input to the administrative center in La Coruna. In light of this structuring group affirms the plan and sends them across to assembling units wherein CAD is utilized to fabricate the items. 1.6.4 Inventory Management: Zara renews its stock from one of its 650 stores at any rate two times per week. Anyway the stock amounts are restricted with the goal that they guarantee not to convey overabundance stock. On record Inditex has minimal stock as a level of yearly deals when contrasted with Gap, which is its nearest rival. 1.6.5 Centralized Logistics and Distribution: Zara has an incorporated appropriation unit that works from its administrative center in La Coruna. Zara utilizes all modes transportation for shipment in particular trucks, prepares and even planes now and again. Trucks are stacked according to the particular request at night and they are dispatched around evening time at a particular time. 1.7 Employees at Zara: Employees at Zara is one of the primary explanations behind the viable fast reaction arrangement of Zara. The HR arrangements spin around elevated level of worker inspiration. Zara puts stock in employing youthful and imaginative individuals. Representatives are Zara are given comprehensive preparing over all ranges of abilities and they are likewise given high motivating forces. These practices spurs representatives to showcase the brand Zara adequately. 1.8 Value Chain structure of Zara: Based on the above examination a worth chain outline work of Zara is given beneath: 2. A relative investigation of Zara with Benetton: 2.1 Introduction to Benetton: The Benetton brand was built up in the year 1966 by Luciano Benetton as an Italian design brand that produces wide exhibit of hued garments. The Benetton bunch has 150 million pieces of clothing turning out of their stores and they have a mammoth number of 6000 contemporary stores around the world. 2.2 Operational Control: Since its origin, until 2004 Benetton had a brought together creation and circulation framework. It additionally did assessment of its items and quick quality checks from 1980 to the mid 2004. Anyway in 2005 the control has gotten decentralized and Benetton now follows the Total Quality Management rehearses in its whole worth chain. 2.2.1 Continuous Improvement in the Production Process: Benettons creation framework had experienced a significant change in the year 2005. It advanced from an association dependent on divisions, for example, fleece and cotton, to a structure dependent on administration units, for example, arranging and quality control. The new creation framework is adaptable, and it incorporates all the partners in the worth chain. Along these lines it helps in lessening item conveyance time and it likewise upgrades the quality and administration levels. In this procedure there are three groups that work pair to convey more noteworthy incentive to clients. These are the Logistics unit, the quality checking unit and the client care unit. The client assistance unit assumes a significant job in examining client requests and level of fulfillment. This group has offices which keep a nearby track on the business staffs and the senior supervisors, whose sources of info are taken

Saturday, August 22, 2020

U.S. globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

U.S. globalization - Essay Example Globalization accompany difficulties and advantages that administrations need to mull over. Difficulties that are looked because of globalization are those that should be tended to by common society, the legislatures and different associations that make the arrangements. One test that is greatly looked in globalization is the guaranteeing that the advantages that are gotten from globalization reach out to all nations. This turns into a test as the event won't be programmed and the execution has been an issue. The second test that is looked in globalization is managing the feelings of dread that happen that the procedure prompts shakiness in a nation. the flimsiness can happen much in the creating nations. The created nations are steady and they are not inclined to insecurity through globalization than it is in creating nations. The third test that is experienced is to address the issue in the business that expansion in worldwide rivalry will prompt definitely to the fall in compensat ion, work rights, rehearses because of business and crumbling in condition principles. Another test that is experienced because of globalization is that the muddled issues are utilized as minor reasons in evading the hunt focused on better approaches to collaborate in the general enthusiasm of a country and the individuals that live in the country. Associations that are in the common society generally had the focal point of help and move of assets.

Friday, August 21, 2020

Music and Persuasive Essay Topics

Music and Persuasive Essay TopicsMusic and persuasion are one of the most important parts of a persuasive essay topic. Music is an excellent tool for getting across important messages and emotions and using this as part of your essay topic can make or break your arguments. If you can find the perfect topic for your essay that relies heavily on the use of music then it will be well worth your time and effort.In the past, music was often seen as an art form rather than a means of entertainment. Since the second world war, however, it has begun to take on the role of entertainment and expression. This means that it is more accepted in popular culture and its influence has become more prominent. This acceptance is reflected in the fact that music is now often used in advertising campaigns, the making of movies and even in the way we understand our environment. Thus, music is becoming an important part of the lives of people across the globe.Music and persuasion are one of the most import ant parts of a persuasive essay topics. The importance of music in persuading the reader, listener or viewer is not restricted to music that is being performed, it also applies to sounds that can be included in the arguments of a persuasive essay.Music was once prohibited from being played at public school students. However, in recent years schools have begun to allow certain forms of music that include the use of powerful melodies. This has paved the way for music to be included in classes with increased understanding of the impact it can have on the listeners or readers. With this growth in understanding, it has also become easier to convince a large audience that a point is true.Music is used extensively in advertising campaigns. This is why music should be considered in persuasive essay topics. By including a bit of music in a persuasive essay the audience will be encouraged to look further into the arguments that have been made.Music is also an important part of music education . This is due to the fact that it was designed by and for people to communicate. Music can be used as a tool for communication in a variety of different forms. This means that a student can learn a variety of skills that will help them communicate effectively when interacting with others. Music is also a powerful tool for transmitting messages through the various media that exist today.Another great way to incorporate music in persuasive essay topics is to choose one of the music types that is popular and understood. This is an easy way to expand the audience for a persuasive essay because of the impact that it can have on the listening audience.The way that music is used in persuasive essay topics is easy to understand. It is a means of communicating ideas to a wide audience of people without the constraints of how the writer or speaker would actually say the same message. Using music in persuasive essay topics creates a common ground that will appeal to a range of different types of people from all over the world.

Monday, May 25, 2020

Argumentative Essay Sit On Kids With Autism - 1119 Words

Argumentative Essay: SIT in kids with Autism 1 in 68 children suffer from autism according to www.autismspeaks.org. This disease targets children’s brains and makes them have trouble with communicating and forming relationships with people for the rest of their lives. It’s a terrible disease but can be treated through therapy, Sensory Integration Therapy to be exact. Sensory Integration Therapy opens the doors to new lives for children who suffer from autism because Sensory Integration Therapy is designed to target physical sensory and cognitive disorders in an act of play time according to www.kidshealth.org. SIT exposes children to sensory stimulation in a structured repetitive manner according to www.autsimspeaks.org. Within this therapy it has helped millions of children that suffer from autism but most experts don’t practice it or think it’s a waste of time. Not all experts think sensory integration works with learning and attention issues in kids, th ey think there’s more effective ways in improving sensory issues, and they think SIT is limited and inconclusive according to www.understood.org. The experts who do practice it though, see that it does improve learning and attention issues in kids, this is the most effective way, and that it is not limited or inconclusive. SIT isn’t just playtime, it improves learning and attention issues, its effective, and it’s not inconclusive. SIT has been a big controversial topic in the world of Occupational Therapy. Most expertsShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesapplying OB concepts. Compare the three levels of analysis in this book’s OB model. MyManagementLab Access a host of interactive learning aids to help strengthen your understanding of the chapter concepts at www.mymanagementlab.com cott Nicholson sits alone in his parents’ house in suburban Boston. His parents have long since left for work. He lifts his laptop from a small table on which his mother used to have a vase with flowers. This day will be like tomorrow, and tomorrow will be like today

Friday, May 15, 2020

A Brief Note On The Rules Of Football Essay - 1299 Words

Unit 2 assignment 1 When i would help the local children, these are the rules i would tell them: 10 rules of football Throw ins- A throw-in is given if a player kicks the ball past the sideline or out of bounds then the opposing team then gets given a throwing. A team member from the opposing team then gets the ball and puts their feet behind the line and throws the ball. Feet have to be kept on the ground when the ball is thrown. Scoring- scoring occurs when the (most preferably) striker shoots the ball towards the players opposing teams goal. If the whole ball goes past the line and the crossbar then a goal has been scored. Centre / kickoff- To start the match, two players from a team will start off in the centre of the pitch. Both teams would be on the side of the pitch of the goal that they are defending. Then the referee would blow his whistle and the team starting with the ball, would start the game. Handball- If the ball connects with any player’s arm then a free-kick is given to the opposing team. However, if the ball is kicked directly to the arm then it would not count and the free-kick will not be given. Free kick- When a player commits a foul on a player on the opposing team, then a free-kick is given. Penalty- If a defending player commits a foul in his own penalty area then a penalty is given to the opposing team. The penalty mark is 12 yards out from the goal. Corner- A corner is awarded when the ball leaves the pitch by crossing the goal line, without aShow MoreRelatedQuarterback Mobility And Its Impact On College Football Programs1541 Words   |  7 Pagespassing skills. Teams such as Carolina, Seattle, Washington, etc have been modifying their offense to best utilize the players skills, namely by implementing the zone read option offense. 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The informational structure of the case was divided into common information shared between two groups consisting of three negotiators each. In addition, each group was given its own discrete brief. The purpose of exercise was to successfully negotiate an optimal outcome for each of the groups. The case itself, as the name suggests, was based on naming rights of the Veterans Memorial Stadium at River City in the USA. The stadium had a longRead MoreEssay about Evolution and History of Basketball1756 Words   |  8 Pagesfurthered his education on spiritual and physical development. James took and taught many courses at and played rugby for the Y.M.C.A. At the time (1870-80), outdoor sports were on an increase in interest; football and baseball being two of the major outdoor sports. However, between football and baseball season, there was athletic emptiness. Most of the time, athletes spent this emptiness of sports doing exercises and training. 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Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Symptoms And Treatment Of Lyme Disease - 1710 Words

aIntroduction Lyme disease has been the most commonly reported vector-borne illness in the United States since the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention started reporting it in 19911. It should be noted that Lyme disease does not occur everywhere in the US, and is heavily concentrated in upper Midwest and northeast United States1. This report has been compiled to provide recommendations for antimicrobial prophylactic treatment of Lyme disease once a patient encounters a tick bite. Lyme disease is caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted by Ixodes dammini, otherwise known as the deer tick3. B. burgdorferi lives in the midgut of the deer tick, and becomes active after a tick’s gut is filled with warm blood from a host. Ticks are only able to transmit B. burgdorferi after they have been attached and taken a â€Å"blood meal† from the host. B. burgdorferi passes from the mid gut to the salivary glands where it can exit in the tick’s saliva and into the host’s blood. According to an UpToDate article by Dr. Linden Hu, I dammini must be attached to a host for greater than 36 hours for B. burgdorferi to be able to be activated into the host16. Therefore, any deer tick that is not attached to a host cannot transmit B. burgdorferi. Throughout the last decade the prevention of Lyme disease has been very controversial. Serological testing, vaccines, and antimicrobial therapy are highly researched areas, but only antimicrobial therapy has been proven usefulShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of Lyme Disease1454 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Lyme disease has been the most commonly reported vector-borne illness in the United States since the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention started reporting it in 1991 [1]. It should be noted that Lyme disease does not occur everywhere in the US, and is heavily concentrated in upper Midwest and northeast United States [1]. This report has been compiled to provide recommendations for antimicrobial prophylactic treatment of Lyme disease once a patient encounters a tick bite. Lyme diseaseRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Lyme Disease1485 Words   |  6 Pagesspreading to become the most common vector-borne disease that occurs in the Northern Hemisphere, according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. This â€Å"hidden pandemic†, known as Lyme disease, is silently infecting hundreds of thousands of United States citizens each year, and numbers of new and untreated infections continue to climb as traditional treatments fail and doctors misdiagnose the condition. Spread by tick bites, Lyme disease has affected many lives and continues to infect countlessRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Lyme Disease1598 Words   |  7 Pagesntroduction Lyme disease has been the most commonly reported vector-borne illness in the United States since the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention started reporting it in 1991 [1]. It should be noted that Lyme disease does not occur everywhere in the US, and is heavily concentrated in upper Midwest and northeast United States [1]. This report has been compiled to provide recommendations for antimicrobial prophylactic treatment of Lyme disease once a patient encounters a tick bite. Lyme diseaseRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Lyme Disease1997 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Lyme Disease is the number one tick-borne disease in the United States and in Massachusetts. 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Educational programs have proven to show an increase in protective behaviors to prevent tick bites and tick-borne illnesses through increased knowledge of repellent useRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Lyme Disease1897 Words   |  8 PagesBackground: Definition of the condition: Lyme disease is named after the town of Old Lyme in Connecticut, where the first cases of Lyme disease (LD) were discovered in 1975. About twelve children, who lived in the same area of this town, were diagnosed with arthritis which was discovered to be caused by Lyme disease (Levi et al., 2012). In 1982, a scientist named Willy Burgdorfer and his coworkers, established the link between ticks and the transmission of Borralis bacteria which is proven to resultRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Lyme Disease2008 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"Lyme disease is caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted to humans by the bite of infected blacklegged ticks (Ixodes spp.). 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The disease is caused by bacteria, called Borrelia burgdorferi, which is only transmitted to humans when they are bitten by an infected tick. Lyme disease was first discovered in 1975, in Lyme, Connecticut, after a group of children were diagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. This eventually led them to discover the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi. The disease

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Statute for the Taxation Benifits for FBTAA

Question: Describe about the Statute for the Taxation for Benifits for FBTAA. Answer: The relevant statute for the taxation of the various fringe benefits is FBTAA, 1986 (Fringe Benefits Tax Assessment Act 1986). The FBT(Fringe Benefit Tax).on various benefits that are doled out by Periwinkle to the employee (Emma) would be calculated with reference to this statute as shown below. Car fringe benefit Periwinkle purchases a car in the year 2015 with a cost of $ 33,000. This car is provided to Emma (employee) who is authorised to use the vehicle as part of her personal use and hence as per Section 8, FBTAA 1986, car fringe benefit in indeed been provided to Emma for FY2016 and FBT liability on the same has to be accounted for by Periwinkle (Wilmot, 2012). Applicable formula for computation of taxable gross up value of Car Fringe Benefit (Section 39F) (Barkoczy, 2015). The computation of the various inputs required above is shown below. Capital value of Car Vehicles acquisition cost in 2015 $ 33,000 Repairs cost incurred in FY2016 $550 Vehicles capital amount =( Acquisition cost Repairs Cost) = (33000 - 550) $ 32,450 Statutory Percentage The statutory percentage essentially is driven by the factors identified below (Sadiq et. al., 2016). Vehicles year of purchase The usage (personal nature) by the employee during the time, the vehicle was available for use in year under assessment. For a year of purchase later than 2011 and usage by employee for personal reasons not to be in excess of 15,000 km, the statutory percentage would be 20% (Gilders et. al., 2016). This is the case here where both conditions are satisfied and hence statutory percentage applicable in 20%. Usage Days Deductions from the year would be made for the following. Car made available for use on May 1, 2015 and hence a deduction of 30 days for April 2015. Car was sent for annual repairs and hence a deduction of 5 days for the same Hence, applicable days = 365 30 5 = 335 Gross up factor The applicable factor here would be 2.1463 as car is Type 1 good on which GST applies (ATO, 2016). Taxable value of Car fringe benefits = (Capital value of vehicle Days for which vehicle available for use Statutory percentage gross up factor ) =( 32450 0.20 2.1463) $12,593.80 FBT payable by Periwinkle (FBT @ 49% for FY2016) =( 12593.80 0.49) $6,171 Loan fringe benefit The case information states that Periwinkle has provided a loan to Emma to the tune of $ 500,000. The interest rate charged on this amount would be 4.45% pa which is lesser than the corresponding RBA prescribed rate of 5.65% pa as given by TD 2015/8 (ATO, 2015b ). Loan fringe benefit would arise in this case, as the interest charged by employer is lesser than the RBA prescribed rate and the magnitude of the interest rate savings would be the quantum of loan fringe benefit (ATO, 2015a). The taxable value of this benefit is computed in the manner shown below. Interest cost assuming lending at RBA rate or 5.65% pa =(0.0565 500000) $28,250 Interest cost assuming lending at rate charged by Periwinkle =(0.0445 500000) $ 22,250 Interest savings for the whole year =( Interest cost @ RBA rate - Interest cost @ offered by Periwinkle) =(28250 - 22250) $ 6,000 Interest extended for days in FY2016 (September 1 to March 31) 213 Taxable value (loan fringe benefit) = (6000 ) $3491.80 Loan and related payments are Type 2 goods as GST does not apply, hence the relevant gross up value for FY2016 is 1.9608 (ATO, 2016). Grossed up value (Loan Fringe Benefit) =( Taxable amount Gross up factor) =( 3491.8 1.9608) $ 6,846.72 FBT payable by Periwinkle =(0.49 Grossed up value) =(0.49 6846.72) $3,354.9 It is noteworthy that deduction to employer is available if the amount extended to loan is used by the employee for incremental income. In the given case, Emma deploys 90% of the borrowed funds or $ 450,000 to purchase a holiday home which is capable of producing income and Emma may use it for that purpose thus ensuring deductions for Periwinkle. However, for the residual amount of $ 50,000, no deductions are possible for Periwinkle as it has been given by Emma to her husband for his use (Nethercott, Richardson Devos, 2016). Expense fringe benefits (Bathtub) Based on the information provided, Emma would receive expense fringe benefit as she was sold the bathtub at a discounted price by Periwinkle (Barkoczy, 2015). Bathtub cost of production $700 Retail selling price of bathtub $2,600 Offer price to Emma for bathtub $1,300 Expense fringe benefit =( Retail selling price- Offer price to Emma for bathtub) = ( 2,600 1,300) $1,300 Gross up factor (FY2016 Type 1 good) (ATO, 2016) 2.1463 Grossed up amount =( Expense fringe benefit 2.1463) =( 1300 2.1463) $4,078 FBT payable at the end of employer =( Grossed up amount 0.49) $1,998 (b) Usage of $50,000 by Emma for generation of share trading Now, Emma does not divert $ 50,000 towards husband and instead uses it herself and hence Periwinkle could not claim tax deduction on the same which would lower the FBT liability as shown below (Barkoczy,2015). Interest payable at RBA rate on $ 50,000 =(0.0565 50000) $2,825 Interest payable at Periwinkles rate on $ 50,000 =(o.0445 50000) $ 2,225 Hence, savings in interest =(2825 - 2225) $ 600 Thus, FBT deduction for employer =(Interest savings on $ 50,000 0.49) =(600 0.49) $294 References ATO 2015a, Loan Fringe Benefits, Australian Taxation Office, Available online from https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Fringe-benefits-tax-(FBT)/Types-of-fringe-benefits/Loan-fringe-benefits/ (Accessed on September 20, 3016) ATO 2015b, TD 2015/8, Australian Taxation Office, Available online from https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?docid=%22TXD%2FTD20158%2FNAT%2FATO%2F00001%22 (Accessed on September 20, 3016) ATO 2016, Gross-up rates for FBT, Australian Taxation Office, Available online from https://www.ato.gov.au/rates/fbt/?page=3 (Accessed on September 20, 3016) Barkoczy,S 2015.Foundation of Taxation Law 2015,7th edn, CCH Publications, North Ryde Gilders, F, Taylor, J, Walpole, M, Burton, M. Ciro, T 2016. 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