Professional relationships with children Essay

1.1 Describe how to establish respectful, professional relationships with children any young people To establish and maintain a respectful and professional relationship with children and young people in setting the Teaching assistant must always put the children first, never appear bored or uninterested, always encourage children and never make them feel like they have said something silly as this may make them reluctant to join in class discussion or turn to the teaching assistant for help. Body language is very important, if a child senses anger or unrest this may make the child not want to approach the TA with any problems or concerns they may have. The TA must always maintain eye contact and be friendly and approachable; they must also remember to give short and clear instructions to the children as they can only process it a bit at a time. If the TA has children or friend’s children within the school they must not discuss any child with any parent and their friends must be made aware that if they require any information on their child they must speak directly to the teacher. 1.2 Describe with examples how to behave appropriately for a child or young person’s stage of development Children and young people are still developing their language skills so it is important that the TA uses the correct terminology when in the classroom, in the key stage one they are learning phonics and it is important that the TA uses the same pronunciation as the teachers as this will confuse the children. The TA must never use inappropriate language i.e. swearing or slang words as this is not setting a good example to the children. When in setting the TA must dress appropriately no low cut tops. This can be very distracting. The TA must give the children their full attentions and not be distracted as they will pick up on this and it can impact negatively on the children and they will be reluctant to be involved with the TA. The TA needs to set a good example and be a good role model. 1.3 Describe how to deal with disagreements between children and young people Children and young people often have disagreements and fall out amongst themselves due to differences of opinion or personality clashes, it is important to stay calm and try to diffuse the situation, make sure that  both sides of the story are heard be fair and do not take sides. If the TA is unsure of anything then they must seek help from colleagues. 1.4 Describe how your own behaviour could: – Promote effective interactions with children and young people In setting body language is the first thing a child notices about the TA. Children can tell when there is something wrong. It can be off putting for a child if they are worrying whether they have upset the TA or not. If you are smiling they are smiling they can also tell when it’s not a genuine smile too, so never try to force one. -Impact negatively on interactions with children and young people Again a child can tell if you are genuinely in a good mood or not, if they are picking up on the TAs mood then it can impact hugely in a negative way as they might not want help form the TA and this could put them behind with their work and get them into trouble with the teacher. Adults 2.1 Describe how to establish respectful, professional relationships with adults In setting it is important to establish a good professional working relationship with adult’s weather it is a teacher or a parent. The TA needs to be respectful of other people’s views and opinions even if it differs from theirs. It is also important to be polite as the TA is not only to help the teachers but to set a good example to the children. 2.2 Describe the importance of adult relationships as role models for children and young people If the children see a good working relationship between adults then they are more likely to give other children the same courtesy. If the child sees politeness and good manners they are more likely to do the same. If is important for the adults to set a good example to the children. Communicating with children, young people and adults in an educational environment is an important part of a professional relationship 3.1 Describe how communication with children and young people differs across different age ranges and stages of development When communicating with babies and toddlers parents often use baby language I.e. choo choo for train and woof woof for dogs but this will not help them later on when the time comes to go to school, as they grow the need to be taught the proper words for things as it will make it more difficult when they start school and it will confuse them. In early years at school they concentrate on phonics, numeracy and  literacy this helps them develop their language and mathematical skills and helps them for the rest of their school life. Each child has a different way of learning. The TA must be able to communicate with each child regardless of their learning abilities. Communication can differ among different ages and stages as the younger children may have difficulties such as speech problems which in older children this may have already been addressed. 3.2 Describe the main differences between communicating with adults and communicating with children and young people The difference between communicating with adults, children and young people are adults are able to process information much more quickly and effectively than small children and young people. When speaking to small children and young people you must use precise instructions so they understand what you want them to do. When speaking to adults sometimes we use sarcasm but small children and young people do not understand sarcasm and they may take it as the TA being nasty. Sometimes we have to raise our voices to be heard or to get our point across but when dealing with children that is not always the best way, if you want them to do something it is better to ask them calmly rather than shouting. 3.3 Examples of communication difficulties – Speech – Hearing – Language/different accents – Disability – Social Issues – Emotional Issues – Lack of stimulation – Lack of concentration – Lack of time – Abuse/neglect – Environment – Religion – Quiet/shy – Autism 3.4 Describe how to adapt communication to meet different communication needs In everyday life there are communication difficulties and it is the same at  school, there can be language barriers or hearing problems you just need to be able to adapt learning around there issues for example writing things down, written instruction or speaking slower more clearly, misunderstandings happen more often than not when a child has misunderstood instruction, do not rush a child if they feel under pressure they are more likely to get it wrong. Also respect others views and opinions even if you do not agree. 3.5 Describe how to deal with disagreements between: – The practitioner and children and young people If there are disagreements between a child and a TA the TA must involve another member of staff who can remain objective and not take sides as with all disagreements both parties should be treated fairly. The TA must not shout and behave inappropriately as this does not set a good example. * The practitioner and other adults If there are disagreements in setting between the TA and another adult it is important to try and resolve the situation as quickly and as calmly as possible to maintain relationships, if there are unresolved issues then the school grievance policy should be followed. Underpinning communication and professional relationships is the principle of confidentiality 4.1 Identify relevant legal requirements and procedures covering confidentiality, data protection and the disclosure of information The Data Protection act 1998 requires that information is – Accurate and relevant – Kept secure – Obtained and processed fairly and lawfully – Processed for limited purposes and not in any manner incompatible with those purposes -Held for no longer than necessary -Only disclosed if specific conditions set out in the act are satisfied 4.2 Describe the importance of reassuring children, young people and adults of the confidentiality of shared information and the limits of this It is of the utmost importance that children, young people and adults are reassured of the confidentiality of shared information as if they feel that what they tell people is going to become common knowledge then they will be reluctant  to tell anyone, this could lead to things been missed and someone getting hurt. Children, young people and adults need to be aware that things will remain confidential within reason, sometimes confidentialities have to be broken if someone ids in immediate danger or there are reports of abuse. 4.3 Identify the kinds of situations when confidentiality protocols must be breached – Sexual abuse – Physical abuse – Neglect -Self harm Resubmission TDA 2.3 Communication and Professional relationships with children, young people and adults 1.3 Describe how to deal with disagreements between children and young people When in setting if I was in that situation I would seek help from another member of staff so that the child or young person could be heard fairly as it is important that both sides of the story are heard. Both parties must be treated equally until the situation is resolved. I would need to remain calm and try to diffuse the situation without shouting. 1.4 Describe how your own behaviour could promote effective interactions with children and young people When dealing with children and young people the TA must be friendly, approachable, give praise where needed and support the children with their work and make them feel valued and that their opinion counts. This can have a very positive impact on the children, their work can improve and their self-confidence will improve. If a child or young person doesn’t feel that they or their opinions matter the will not progress properly and this can impact negatively on their education. They will not want to show their work or may feel silly asking questions, it is a TA’s job to help support the children and young people and make them feel valued. 2.1 Describe how to establish a respectful professional relationship with adults It is important to establish a respectful professional relationship in setting because we are there to set a good example to the children and young people and if they see adults behaving or speaking inappropriately then they will think it is acceptable to do the same, we are there to be good role models. It is also important to establish a good professional relationship with the parents whether they are your friends or not as they must understand that there are  rules and the TA’s cannot discuss their or anyone else’s child. 2.2 Describe the importance of adult relationships as role models for children and young people It is important that the children see a good working relationship between adults because if they see tension between the adults the child or children will pick up on this. They may think that this is normal and start being like that themselves. Adults must set a good exampl e to the children and young people, being a good role model is important as you are there day in day out and they will learn from you. If you go in and they think that you are not interested it is going to impact negatively on them. 3.1 Describe how communication with children and young people differs across different ages and stages of development Communication differs between different ages and stages of development, people tend to use baby talk when talking to babies and toddlers which is ok but the need to know the correct words for things as it will make it difficult for them when they go to school. When they start school they will learn with phonics this will help them to learn to read and write, in schools now there are many children and young people who don’t have English as their first language so learning has to be adapted for their needs. Some children and young people’ levels understanding are not the same as others so they perhaps need a little more help and would require one to one help with certain subjects. 3.4 Describe how to adapt communication to meet different communication needs There are a many different communication needs within a school, for example hearing and speech diffi culties and ESOL (English speakers of other languages), They will all need extra help as people with hearing problems will require one to one as they may use sign language or lip reading the TA may need special training for this, you can also use picture cards or write things down. It may be easier for someone with speech problems to practice writing them down first before trying to say them and listening to someone else pronounce them first to help. With people who have English as their second language it will be more beneficial if they hear someone speaking the words to help with their pronunciation. When helping someone with anything whether they have difficulties or not it is important to speak slower pronounce things accurately and be patient. 3.5 Describe how to deal with disagreements between the practitioner and children and young people In setting the TA must diffuse any disagreements between children, there are often fallouts in  the playground over who had what first, as a TA I would say that the child who had it first could have it for 5 more minutes then it would be the other child’s turn. In my setting if a child does not do as they are told they will get a warning and if they continue misbehaving they will get a verbal warning, if the still do no adhere then they will get put on a stage. This will then be reported to the parents at the end of the day. If dealing with a disagreement between myself and other adults I would try to diffuse the situation by remaining calm seeking advice from a member of staff and I would also speak to the head of the school to find of what the complaints and grievance procedures are for that school. You would not necessarily need to use the procedures but it would be useful to know for future reference. When dealing with disagreements with adults you need to use the same methods as when dealing with children and young people, stay calm and don’t shout as shouting will only make matters worse. You also need to be discreet as people will not appreciate people gossiping about the situation. 4.1 Identify relevant legal requirements and procedures covering confidentiality, data protection and the disclosure of information * The children’s act 2004 * SEN Code of practice 2001 * Human Rights act 1998 * Freedom of Information act 2000 4.3 Identify the kinds of situations when confidentiality protocols must be breached * OFSTED Safeguarding in schools: best practice September 2011 No 100240 * Risk of serious harm * Where an adult is aware that a child is involved in criminal activities * Illness

Literature and Journalism Essay

American Heritage Dictionary of English Language Fourth Edition. New York Houghton 2009. American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy Third edition New York Houghton Mifflin Co. 2006 Glencoe Literature; The Readers Choice Columbus Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 2003 Hudson,W. H An Introduction to the Study of Literature. Harrap 1963 Ousby, I. Cambridge Guide to Literature in English Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1996. Hornsby, A. S. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. OUP 2005 MASENO UNIVERSITY FACULTY : ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES. DEPARTMENT : LINGUISTICS, LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE UNIT CODE: ALI 805 UNIT TITLE: LITERATURE AND JOURNALISM TASK: Difference between Literature and Journalism PRESENTED BY: JULIE E. OGONYA REG. NO. : PG/MA/063/2009 PRESENTED TO: DR, KITCHE MAGAK DATE: NOVEMBER, 2009. MASENO INTRODUCTION Literature and journalism are two genres that are interrelated and intertwined because literature borrows heavily from journalism and journalism borrows heavily from literature as well. Sometimes it gets problematic distinguishing literature from journalism, more so with the emergence of narrative journalism. According to Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, literature refers to pieces of writing that are valued as works of art, especially novels, plays and poems (in contrast to technical books and newspapers, magazines, etc. ). The same dictionary defines journalism as the work of collecting and writing news stories for newspapers, magazines, radio or television. In this paper, an attempt is going to be made to show the differences between literature and journalism. Differences between Literature and Journalism. The difference between literature and journalism can be seen from the definitions of the two genres where literature is defined as â€Å"pieces of writing that are valued as works of art†. Art refers to â€Å"the use of imagination to express ideas or feelings† (Hornby, 2005). The key word is imagination. This means that in literature, language is used creatively with a lot of imagination in expressing ideas. Literature has been described as a mirror of the society and it reflects the happenings in that society. The reflections more often than not depend on the type of the mirror, whether concave or convex. Consequently, literature can distort reality. Journalism, â€Å"the work of collecting and writing news stories for newspapers, magazines, radio or television†, on the other hand, is a picture of the society. What we see is what we get since journalism is reportage. Mikkel Hivid has provided some guidelines on the difference between journalism and literature. In this paper most of the differences used will be from a paper he presented entitled Fiction, Facts and Storytelling and Roy Peter Clarke’s essay : Between Fact and Fiction: Navigating Treacherorous Waters. First, Hvid says that â€Å"the difference between literature and journalism is characterized by more than just the difference between fact and fiction. The two genres have different expressions, different criteria for the truth and relevance and different priorities. Journalism must be true but writers of fiction are allowed to lie†. In literature, the diction is characterized by the use of literary techniques like imagery, personification, irony, juxtaposition, sarcasm, similes and so on. These are used to make the message being communicated to be brought out more effectively. The language or expressions used will depend on the writer’s attitude towards the subject with which he will attempt to influence the reader; if he hates the subject, he will be sarcastic and the words he uses will be sarcastic or derogatory. This unflattering choice of words is likely to influence the reader to develop a negative attitude towards a subject too. For example, in Achebe’s book The Trouble with Nigeria, he is strongly convinced that the main problem with the country is poor leadership. He uses very emotive words. He says; The trouble with Nigeria is simply and squarely a failure of leadership. There is nothing basically wrong with the Nigerian character. There is nothing wrong with the Nigerian land or climate or water or air or anything else. He uses literary techniques like alliteration (simply and squarely), and repetition of the word wrong to create emphasis. Clarke says that literature and journalism have different criteria for the truth. The ethics of journalism indicate that the main distinction between literature and journalism is based on the contents. Journalists must present facts- whether they are using the genre of narrative journalism or any other journalistic genre. Journalists are required to research their stories (Hvid, 2000). Journalism must be true whereas writers of literature are allowed to lie. What the journalist writes must be true in the sense that it can be documented by reference to a named source or actual circumstances. For instance what Barrack Obama wrote in Dreams from My Father is true and can be documented. It is a story about his life; the places and even people mentioned in the book are real. Fiction writers invent and make up stories. Literature does not have to be true to any outside reality, Hvid adds. In literature, the setting, characters, events and action are all in the writer’s imagination in as much as they may reflect reality. Sometimes the setting and characters can be out of this world, for example in stories of fantasy that involves the mention of the supernatural as well as in science fiction. Journalists must research their stories. Writers of fiction are allowed to add, invent and construct their own worlds. In his essay, Roy Peter Clarke lists a range of ethical demands on the narrative journalist. You cannot add anything to your story which was not present in reality. This is because only the truth should be told in journalism. He adds that you cannot write different scenes into one, and you are not allowed to merge a number of real characters into one. You must respect the timing of real events. This is in line with the 5ws of journalism of who, what, where, why, when and how. All these must come out distinctly because journalism is fact and not fiction. In fiction, a character or a thing can be an archetype. There can only be one scene of an incident and hence cannot be written into one. He says that finally there is the ethical demand which is perhaps the most important even if it sounds mainly as a kind of request: you must strive to provide as honest and correct an account of the reality of the reality you describe as possible. Literary texts can be interpreted in a number of different ways. This is because when different readers read a text, their understanding is not the same and sometimes the writer’s intention may be missed. For instance, in Jonathan Swift’s essay: A Modest Proposal, the writer, did not intend his proposal of rearing babies for food to be taken literally. Some of his readers were very outraged at the idea of infanticide and cannibalism. Literature as a body consists of three main components (literary history): 1) A body of knowledge 2) A system of investigation 3) A collection of skills and techniques. It also consists of four main aspects 1) Creativity 2) Practical criticism 3) Literary history 4) Literary theory. There are different theories used to interpret literature. These components and theories are used by literary analysts to interpret literary texts. In journalism, the text does not necessarily require such effort in interpretation. A message in journalism quite often appears in the first paragraph of the text where the journalist makes the logical conclusion. The message is direct with no room for interpretation. Literature and journalism have different ideas about their readers about their readers and what you can demand from them. Journalism presents readers with a complete package they can immediately relate to. For instance, a newspaper headlines simply stating: Jealous Man Murders Wife and Lover in Drunken Rage. This does not require any knowledge of literary criticism and  theory to understand that drunken jealous men can easily murder their wives. Literature readers, on the other hand, have to interpret and analyse the text to find what it means for them. This is sometimes a next to impossible task as some literary texts abound in symbolism and very abstract ideas that are too difficult to decipher. In journalism it is unacceptable to present readers with such a dilemma as readers have a right to demand a clear message. Relevance of the text is another area of difference in literature and journalism as there are different criteria used to determine relevance in the two genres. We read literature to experience other worlds, lives and people. For example, David Yallop’s book In God’s Name is an eye opener into the intrigues of the Catholic Church and how a pope was murdered because he was a threat to some bishops who were perpetrators of a lot of evil in the church. The relevance of that text comes in when we examine it we find that the murder of Pope really concerned the people at that particular time in history and even to date. We read literature to experience other worlds, lives, and people. We mirror our own lives in those of the characters we meet in literature. Plato said that literature is a moral force and so the characters in literature with which we compare our own experiences help in building our character since as we compare our own experiences to theirs we gain greater insights into our own lives through what we call experience by. We love the character who is our hero and when that character suffers, we suffer with him and when he triumphs over evil, we celebrate his victory. Every character or happening helps us learn about our own lives. The text is true when it is true and meaningful to us. Truth and relevance are decided in the meeting between the reader and the text In journalism, we do not read texts in order to mirror our lives with those we read about. The characters do not necessarily help us learn about our own lives. Sometimes there are no main character with which we identify with. Truth is a condition of journalism and the article must be relevant. Its relevance is seen when it teaches the readers something new and important about the world they live in. When we read a literary text, we become part of the story; we take sides, laud or condemn a particular character. In other words, we read literature for experience. As Aristotle recommended, literature provides the reader with a cathartic effect. After experiencing literature, there is purgation of dangerous emotions. On the other hand, we read journalism to take something out of it. This is why journalistic articles are â€Å"news†. We get information from journalism. In literature, stories comprise of two main elements; background and action. There is use of description of background that is spiced up with action. In journalism, storytelling is told with three strands. These are background, action and facts as a mandatory component. The journalist may add anecdotes to make his story interesting but the most important ingredient is fact. Lastly, there is the use of what has been referred to as the frame and the content. Creative techniques are used on the frame of the story or in the introduction that leads into the main story whilst the story itself is presented as summary or direct quotes. Barrack Obama’s Dreams from my Father is a typical example of a work where this is used. This is sometimes referred to as the inverted pyramid . Conclusion In this paper, the differences between Literature and Journalism have been discussed. It has been realized that the differences between literature and journalism arise because of many factors like fact or fiction, reality and probability, the relationship between the reader and the text, the roles of journalism and literature and so on. Whereas the two genres are infact different, the reality is that there is a possibility of te two complimenting and supplementing each other since literature borrows from journalism and journalism borrows from literature and this results in a rich mix.

Business 1 Coursework 1 on Enterprise

Business 1 Coursework 1 on Enterprise 1. Identify three reasons why Enterprise uses workforce planning. Workforce planning is the process of analysing an organization's likely future needs for people in terms of numbers, skills and locations. It is an essential process in Human Resource Management as it ensures that a firm has the right number of people in the right place, with the right skills at the right time. Workforce planning often has 5 steps. The first step is the ‘Environment Scan’ which involves managers look at why workforce planning is important, the strategic objectives, the internal and external environment.The second step is ‘Current Workforce Profile’ where managers look at their current profile, current skills and competencies of the workforce, and current strengths and development needs. The third step is the ‘Future Workforce View’ which is when managers look at what future products and services will be provided by the organiz ation, what the future environment will require, what the future workforce supply and demand is, what future skills and competencies are required etc.The fourth step is ‘Closing the Gaps’ is when the business has to see what the key areas of need/action are to move from where the organization is now to where it wants to be. It involves basically filling all the gaps that are needed to be filled in order to have a successful workforce plan. The final step is the ‘Conclusion/Evaluation’ where managers can check what the key outcomes of the workforce plan were, how they can evaluate the strategies in the workforce plan and what the next implementations are of the workforce plan. Enterprise is the largest car rental business in North America.In 2007, it had 728,000 rental cars in use, employing over 65,000 people with an annual turnover of over 4. 5 billion pounds. The car rental market is increasingly competitive and Enterprise continues to expand its range of services to meet customer needs and wants. Enterprise ensures it has the right people and skills to achieve its business aims and objectives. Therefore it is majorly important for Enterprise to hire, train, develop, and promote its staff. The organization uses workforce planning so it can see what its future staffing needs are.Three reasons why Enterprise may use workforce planning are: the business may grow into new markets such as moving into truck rental, it may use new technology which requires new skills e. g. global positioning equipment, or staff may retire or be promoted, leaving gaps which need to be filled. Enterprise is constantly aiming to grow larger and along with looking at its present situation, it needs to plan what the future workforce needs will be. The impact of good workforce planning would be eliminating surprises, no delays, identifying problems early, preventing problems, lower turnover rates and taking advantages of opportunities.If Enterprise didn’t use workforce planning, it would face the opposite of what it actually faces when it plans its workforce efficiently. Workforce planning is very essential and should be implemented by every HR department in an organization. â€Å"Being prepared is better than being surprised. † 2. In a competitive market, what does Enterprise do differently to attract high quality candidates? A competitive market is a market with a large number of buyers and sellers, such that no single buyer or seller is able to influence the price or control any other aspect of the market.Most individuals search for a company that they feel they can be happy to work for. Businesses recruit applicants for various reasons, for example, if it’s a new business, if the business is expanding or if an employee has been dismissed or has resigned thus leaving a vacant post which needs to be filled. Applicants vary. This means that individuals applying for a job will have different personal goals, different t ypes of skills ;amp; qualifications, different personalities, different family backgrounds, different education, different strengths ;amp; weaknesses and so on.There also will be differences between applicants applying for the same job as every human is different, of course. Businesses have to advertise a job and potential applicants will apply for the job with a hope to get selected and fill the vacant post. Since every individual is different, this will mean that some applicants applying for a job will be much better at that particular job than other applicants. Now, every business will want to select the most suitable applicant for a job. The business will select the applicant that they feel will prove to be most profitable.This suggests the obvious reason as to why there is intensive competition between businesses in the same market when it comes to attracting high quality applicants. An applicant who possesses a high level of competencies, experience and other various qualities will prove to be beneficial to one company whilst a threat to a rival. So, businesses try and carry out unique methods of attracting the most suitable candidate for an available job. In order to attract high quality candidates, Enterprise is raising the company profile within UK universities using Campus Brand Managers.These are students or interns who work for Enterprise and act as liaisons for potential applicants. Other activities to attract university applicants include: presentations on the company, relationships with clubs and organizations, attending Careers Fairs, ‘drop-in’ sessions, skills sessions, and mentoring programmes. Students can also visit Enterprise and spend time learning about how it does business and what opportunities it offers. Enterprise offers a good salary and training as part of its benefits. However, the real attraction is the chance of a career rather than just a job.Most employees start out as Management Trainees with the potential to pro gress to Vice President. Applicants would be high attracted upon hearing that ‘most’ employees in Enterprise progress to Vice President. Employees also have opportunities to specialize in specific areas such as finance, human resource management, vehicle acquisition, risk management and many others. This allows individuals to develop their career path as they progress within the company. Also, Enterprise makes every effort to ensure that its workforce is representative to the cultural and ethnic diversity in the wider population.It believes in cultural awareness. This is a positive sign for applicants as nobody wants to face racism and discrimination, and instead look forward to working in a friendly environment where individuals are noticed according to their performance at work, rather than their appearance, age, sex and race. Enterprise has an online recruitment process. This strategy improves the speed and efficiency of the application for both the company and the a pplicant, the website provides lists of jobs available and also provides information about the company culture and values.This allows applicants to get a good idea of whether Enterprise would suit them. An ‘internship’ scheme is available for university students. It gives students an opportunity to work with Enterprise. Students gain valuable experience. They even begin on-the-job training at a branch office and take on the same responsibilities as management trainees and learn about sales, marketing, customer service, business management and administration support. The Enterprise Graduate Management Trainee programme offers graduates a fast-track career path with opportunities for self development and quick progression.In a short time, the graduates can move up to a Management Assistant and then on to Assistant Manager. This form of quick progression is a motivator for many people as everybody wants to work in a place where they can feel valued and where they can reall y exploit their potential to reach the highest rank possible in their career. The opportunity for a successful career also gives employees the incentive to stay in Enterprise in the longer term. Enterprise advertises its vacancies and opportunities across a wide range of media such as newspapers, magazines and online.Advertising a job is very essential for any business as it informs the public and methods such as advertising in newspapers and online can help give this information to a much larger number of people which then means that there will be an opportunity for more and higher quality candidates! To target graduate recruits, Enterprise has developed a website – ‘Come Alive’ which shows potential employees the benefits of career opportunities with Enterprise and provides a medium through which students can also submit their applications.Applicants also like to see current employees’ comments about a company, so the website presents profiles of Enterpr ise employees with their career stories. Upon seeing rapid successful career stories, individuals with potential will feel that Enterprise is the right place for them to develop their career. However, with intense competition for attracting candidates, it should be taken into consideration that there are other large businesses that have adopted a range of innovate ideas.For example, Tesco supermarket advertises on the television and also has a talent plan for internal recruits. Therefore, Enterprise should be aware of the fact that there are other rivals with different methods of attracting individuals. However, Enterprise engages in multiple various methods of attracting suitable candidates which makes it hold a strong position in the competitive market of attracting applicants. 3. What competencies does Enterprise look for when recruiting in order to maintain its high levels of customer service?Competencies are the level of knowledge and skill required to enable a person to achiev e a standard in a job or task. Every job requires a certain level of competencies depending on the position of that post. It is significant that an employee meets with the competencies required by a business as this will allow him/her to benefit the company with his/her knowledge, skills, creativity, ideas and hard work. A business often needs to recruit candidates internally and externally. Internal recruitment is when there is a job vacancy from within the company i. . its internal, while external recruitment is when there is a job vacancy which requires external candidates applying for a post. Enterprise is a business that is seeking rapid growth and expansion; therefore it needs to recruit more external high quality candidates that have the right competencies to work for the business as well as new ideas which can prove positive for the company. Enterprise seeks competencies in its recruits both for an immediate job role and also for development over the longer term to support t he business growth.Human Resource managers in the company use job description and job specification to match job roles with competencies. A job description summarises a job role within an organization and lists the main tasks. A personal specification highlights the characteristics a candidate needs for a post, as well as the desirable qualities the company is looking for. Enterprise combines these two standard documents together by using a skills and competencies framework.Skills/abilities required by Enterprise| Competencies/behaviours needed| Customer service focus| Sees issues/needs from a customer perspective| Persuasiveness| Adapts to suit the audience| Flexibility| Deals with challenges, demonstrates resilience, able to prioritise| Results driven| Creative about getting things done, thrives under pressure, organizes work| Leadership ability| Works cooperatively, takes ownership, seeks leadership| Communication| Plans important conversations, confident and articulate| Table 1. above portrays the skills and competencies that recruits are required to possess. Table 1. 0 shows the competencies which Enterprise looks for when recruiting in order to maintain its high levels of customer service. Enterprise aims at recruiting employees with the above competencies as these make up an efficient worker who can majorly contribute to the business. As the company’s concentration is on expanding its workforce capacity, it will obviously have to set particular competencies which employees will be equired to meet as this will enable Enterprise to grow larger as a whole. The benefits of competencies being met for Enterprise would be: providing customers with the exact service that they need, deals with all types of customers including complaints, coping with changing circumstances, delivering to high standards, growing the leaders and managers of the future, and supporting ;amp; maintaining the professional Enterprise reputation. What would happen if Enterprise di dn’t focus on setting essential competencies when recruiting candidates?Several problems could arise such as lack of communication, demotivation ;amp; alienation, lack of control, poor customer service, bad leadership and management, higher staff turnover, lower revenue etc. This would cause serious repercussions and damage to the business’s brand name. Since Enterprise is a service-orientated business and operates in a highly competitive marketplace, it must deliver high levels of customer service to keep customers satisfied.When the company’s focus is to grow, it needs to make sure that it has customer loyalty; it needs to make sure it has a high market share when entering new markets, and it also needs to try and ‘steal’ customers of other rivals. Therefore, Enterprise’s employees need to have the competencies which it requires as this also helps the business to achieve its aims and objectives. 4. How does Enterprise's strategy of providin g a career path benefit the company? Most people apply for jobs with a hope that the firm will be most suitable for them and that they can progress in the longer term.Enterprise's specialty is that it aims at providing employees with a career rather than just a job. Therefore, it's strategy is to provide a career path for employees. A career path is a flexible line of progression through which an employee moves during their employment with an organization. Such strategy gives employees a sense of direction as well the opportunity to obtain their personal aims and objectives. It gives them an incentive to strive for promotion and success so that they can exploit their full potential and reach self actualization.In Enterprise, most employees start out as Management Trainees with the potential to progress to Vice President/General Manager. Employees also have opportunities to specialize in specific areas such as finance, human resource management, vehicle acquisition, risk management a nd many others. Enterprise's strategy of providing a career path is highly beneficial to the company, as employees that are highly motivated and strongly determined to develop their career path, will deliver high levels of customer service. This will lead to high levels of customer satisfaction which is a key driver of growth for Enterprise.If the company didn’t pay much heed to the needs and wants of its employees, it would start facing problems as staff would feel demotivated and alienated. Enterprise’s well established name as well as its constant aim to grow larger relies heavily on employees delivering highest possible levels of customer service. Employees who feel they are not valued by the business and don’t have the desire to work hard in order to progress along their career, are obviously not going to deliver the high quality service that customers expect from a well reputed business. Unhappy customers would not be very likely to return to the business. Therefore, such an action would only harm the business’s reputation. However, it is not just a career path that determines the motivation of employees but this factor does hold a strong position it terms of motivating them. So, why does providing a career path benefit the company? Because it gives individuals confidence, determination, and an incentive from within, to work hard and progress in their career. Thus resulting in high levels of customer service which will simultaneously satisfy customer needs and wants, which will in turn give the business a good reputation and opportunity for more growth.Word Count: 1,873 words. Bibliography: 1: Refer to the Internet link http://businesscasestudies. co. uk/tesco/recruitment-and-selection/workforce-planning. html It provides the definition of workforce planning. 2: Refer to page 53 in the ‘Recruitment and selection’ at Enterprise Rent-A-Car case study. Workforce definition used from Glossary. 3 Refer to the Internet l ink http://workforceplanningtools. com. au/tools/workforce-planning/5-steps/ which shows the 5 steps of workforce planning. 4 Refer to page 53 in the ‘Recruitment and selection’ case study. Information on Enterprise used from Introduction section. Refer to the Introduction section on page 53 in the case study. Business aims and objectives. 6 Refer to ‘The role of Human Resource Management’ section on page 53 in the case study. It highlights the 3 reasons why Enterprise may use workforce planning. 7 Refer to the Internet link http://www. workforce. com/article/20021024/NEWS01/310249995/why-you-need-workforce-planning which provides information on the impacts of good workforce planning. 8Refer to the link http://www. workforce. com/article/20021024/NEWS01/310249995/why-you-need-workforce-planning on the Internet. A wise quote was adopted from there. Refer to http://www. google. co. uk/webhp? hl=en;amp;tab=iw#hl=en;amp;output=search;amp;sclient=psy-ab;amp;q=wh at%20is%20a%20competitive%20market;amp;oq=;amp;gs_l=;amp;pbx=1;amp;bav=on. 2,or. r_gc. r_pw. r_qf. ;amp;fp=9cc6ce1e3edfb4fe;amp;bpcl=35466521;amp;biw=1366;amp;bih=593;amp;pf=p;amp;pdl=300 on the Internet. It highlights the definition of a competitive market. 10 Refer to the ‘Attracting Applicants’ section on page 54 in the case study. Information on Campus Brand Managers is given. 11 Refer to the ‘Attracting Applicants’ section on page 54 in the case study. Information on liaisons is given. 2 Refer to the ‘Attracting Applicants’ section on page 54 in the case study. Information provided on the activities that Enterprise practices to attract interested applicants. 13 Refer to the ‘Attracting Applicants’ section on page 54 in the case study. It states that Enterprise offers a career rather than just a job. 14 Refer to the ‘Attracting Applicants’ section on page 54 in the case study. It says that trainees have an opportun ity to progress to Vice President. 15 Refer to the ‘Attracting Applicants’ section on page 54 in the case study. It shows the area which Enterprise specializes in. 6 Refer to the ‘Attracting Applicants’ section on page 54 in the case study. It claims that individuals can develop their career path as they progress within the company. 17 Refer to the ‘Recruitment’ section on page 54 in the case study. It mentions that Enterprise has an internship scheme for new recruits. 18 Refer to the ‘Recruitment’ section on page 55 in the case study. It shows how Enterprises advertises its vacancies. 19 Refer to the ‘Recruitment’ section on page 55 in the case study. It mentions that Enterprise has a website – ‘Come alive’ which is to target graduate recruits. 20 Refer to the ‘Recruitment’ section

Blood formation and maturation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Blood formation and maturation - Assignment Example On the fourth day, normoblast is formed containing about thirty-five percent of the hemopoietic of a full red blood cell, and mostly the nucleus disappears at this point. From the fifth to the seventh day, the reticulocyte matures and the synthesis of the hemopoietic is increased. The outline of the red blood cell gets attained at this point, and the cells still contain the ribonucleic acid. On the eighth day, the red blood cell is mature without the ribonucleic acid, and no synthesize of the hemopoietic (Leach, 2015). Leukocytes are separated into two types the granulocytes and the agranulocytes (Leach, 2015). These types are further categorized into the lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophil. Leukocytes with the exception of the lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow (Leach, 2015). In early development like the case of embryos, white blood cells are formed in the yolk sac and later on in the spleen and lymph nodes. After the development of the bone marrow, most of the white blood cells are formed in it. However, maturation gets left to take place in secondary lymphoid organs such as the spleen and the lymph nodes (Boundless 2,

Proposition paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Proposition paper - Essay Example nequality was not in decline; in fact, class inequality had made everyone become part and parcel of the struggle against the British crown (Young, 1999). To begin with, poverty had led to constant confrontations with the British as exemplified in the Boston massacre where British soldiers killed five men in a near riot situation. This riot inspired people like George Hewes to get involved in insurgent activities over the next three years including the Boston ‘Tea Party’. The enhancement of class inequality was also demonstrated in the life of George Hewes when he made shoes for poor people and had to compete with factories in Lynn that produced over 80,000 shoes a year (Young, 1999). In addition, he had to incur debts when he bought his attire for his wedding and would soon be in debt for ten years. This was compounded by the fact that his family had to stay with relatives because of extreme poverty. In such circumstances, it is plausible to argue that there was no decline of the class inequality in the revolutionary era (Young, 1999). The persistence of class inequality in America is demonstrated in its entirety by two significant factors that Alfred Young notes in his writings of George Hewes’ life. These are the revolutionary/ insurgency spirit, and the daily life of a common man (Young, 1999). To begin with, the development of an atmosphere of tension was not necessarily occasioned by hatred towards the British crown but towards the conditions of living which made people become ever more conscious about the inequalities they experienced. They had to compete with large factories in making common goods and had to endure low wages as demonstrated by the life of George Hewes living with relatives, being in debts because of clothes, and making shoes for a living. Additionally, the frustrations that were exerted on installations of the government and the capitalists such as the harassment of British soldiers in Kings Street in March 1770 and the destruction

Grammer Edititing and rephrasing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Grammer Edititing and rephrasing - Essay Example Spreading the news will make consumers consider the issue of Coltan mineral and associated conflicts in Congo, thus enabling Congo citizens to benefit from the proceeds of their mineral rich country. Max Fisher the author of the article â€Å"Theres a 1 in 12 Chance Your V-Day Flowers Were Cut by Child Laborers† asserts that free trade and compliance with labor standards will solve the prevailing problems in both Ecuador and Colombia flower industries. The author is of the opinion that flower workers have suffered from poor working conditions such as mistreatment, healthy risks and low wages. In addition, the flower industries in the two countries have violated human and labor rights through engaging in child labor and sexual harassment in the workplace. According to the author, the consumers will influence the labor rights through backgrounds checks before the purchase in order to determine whether they are free trade flowers. The consumers will need to refrain from purchasing flowers from the companies that have been accused of labor rights violations in order to pressurize those companies to adhere with the acceptable labor rights and standards. Both Max Fisher and Andy Robertson have utilized Aristotelian approach in their articles in enabling the reader to understand the problems faced by the workers in the different countries. Fisher uses pathos in his persuasion by claiming that flower industries have a long record of abusing the workers and innocent purchase of flowers might continue supporting such labor rights violation (Fisher 1). The intention of Fisher is to elicit a strong emotional appeal and response from the readers through inspiring the consumers to avoid purchasing specific flowers such as roses from those flower plantations and industries that violate labor rights. Fisher uses a logo to inspire logical

Politics Issues Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Politics Issues - Assignment Example According to Francis Fukuyama the philosopher, political economist, and author, the arrival of the western liberal democracy may indicate demolishing of humanity’s sociocultural evolution and the final structure of the human regime. The explanations of arguments in favor of his statement are: According to Francis Fukuyama the philosopher, political economist, and author, the arrival of the western liberal democracy may indicate demolishing of humanity’s sociocultural evolution and the final structure of the human regime. The explanations of arguments in favor of his statement are:ïÆ'Ëœ Political Argument – Wars and conflicts between nations arise out of in different political systems. As additional numbers of the country accept liberal democracy as their main structure of government, wars among them will no longer take place.  Ã¯Æ'Ëœ Empirical argument – There has been a shift for the States in the beginning of the 19th century which was meant to accept a few type of liberal democracy to be its government, better explained as the government that has individual rights like the right to free speech much better to the rights of the state.  Ã¯Æ'Ëœ Philosophical argument –Fukuyama observes the power of thymos or human spiritedness. He argues that democracy hampers behaviors which are risky. Progressive balanced thought illustrates that the responsibility of master and slave are indecisive and self-defeating and hence not accepted by lofty spirits.  Democracy Signaled the â€Å"End of History†According to the Social scientist, Francis Fukuyama democracy signaled the â€Å"end of history† due to the failure of Communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe and realism triumph of liberal democracy above all other outlines of political ideology (Blunden, â€Å"The End of History and the Last Man†).  

Describe how the web(www.gilt.com ) is used by a real corporation Assignment

Describe how the web(www.gilt.com ) is used by a real corporation - Assignment Example The website offers various discounts to its customers and only those customers can access these discounts who have subscribed with the website. There are various ways in which the website can be helpful for various brands located within and outside United States. Real world organizations such as Saint Laurent and various other organizations can benefit from Gilt Groupe in several ways. Gilt Groupe website is similar to the local small sized retail stores that are located in various areas. These stores purchase various products from different manufacturers at discounted prices and then they sell these products directly to the customers. In return the manufacturers selling their products derive many benefits including advertisement benefit, research benefit, cost cutting benefit and targeting benefit. The organizations that connect with the Gilt Groupe website can obtain same benefits from the website (Ostapenko 64). One way through which high end brands such as Saint Laurent can use the Gilt Groupe website is that such brands can directly reach their target market without compromising the image they had developed over the years. The members who are subscribing with Gilt include individuals who are educated and at least have a bachelor’s level degree and belong to higher income earning groups (The Business of Fashion 1). Brands such as Saint Laurent sell their offerings at very high prices and the customer base of Gilt are the main target markets of these brands. Another benefit that brands including Saint Laurent can benefit from Gilt website is that they can reach a higher consumer base and can easily attract new consumers that had been previously shopping with their competitors. The target market that is catered by Gilt mostly includes those consumers who are very brand loyal and only purchase from a certain brand. But organizations such as Saint Laurent can sell their products through the Gilt website and even gain the attention of customers who

Alexander Hamilton Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Alexander Hamilton - Research Paper Example III. Education and Work An introduction and analysis of the education and work of Alexander Hamilton is taken up in this section. VI. Influence on the U.S. Alexander Hamilton’s crucial role in and influence on the U.S. is revealed through the analysis in this section. V. Conclusion Apart from concluding the paper in general, this section gives a significant hint about why he was forgotten in the history of America. It also gives details about the historical importance of the role played by Alexander Hamilton. Alexander Hamilton I. Introduction Alexander Hamilton (1755  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ1804), the first United States Secretary of the Treasury, was born a British subject in the British West Indies and he served as lieutenant-colonel and aide-de-camp to George Washington in the Revolutionary army. His crucial role as a Founding Father of the nation, economist, political philosopher, and most importantly the first U.S. Secretary of the Treasury confirms his vital contributions to shaping of the republic. A detailed examination of his life and works will essentially draw out how tirelessly and earnestly he fought for the freedom and shaping of the republic in the U.S. ... 1). However, Hamilton’s image in the memory of the American public remains highly overcast and indistinctly negative, due various reasons. In spite of the achievements and contributions he made throughout his life, Hamilton has never been able to capture the hearts of the Americans like other founding members of the republic and he remains as a forgotten founder and statesman of the United States of America. This paper makes a reflective exploration of the life and work of Alexander Hamilton in order to make known the crucial role of this Founding Father of the nation in the shaping of the republic in the U.S. II. Early Life: A. Family As aforementioned, Alexander Hamilton was born in 1755 in the British West Indies, in the remote Leeward Island of Nevis, as the son of James Hamilton, a Scottish merchant of St. Christopher, and Rachael Fawcette Levine, of French Huguenot descent. One of the fundamental factors about the early life of Hamilton is that his birth itself brought c ontroversies as he was born illegitimate under the Danish law. His mother had married a Danish proprietor at her young age and she became ineligible for remarriage when she was granted her divorce from this marriage, under the Danish law. Therefore, Alexander Hamilton was born out of wedlock to his father and mother and the records of his early life are scanty. Similarly, there are debates about the exact year of his birth, whether it was 1757 or 1755. It is also notable that Alexander and his brother James were not eligible for public education due to the illegitimacy of their birth, although Alexander was sent to a Hebrew school for early education. In the year 1768, when he was just eleven years of age, Alexander lost his mother who died of fever. â€Å"Business failures

Information Systems and Software Applications Essay - 1

Information Systems and Software Applications - Essay Example Utilizing information systems and software applications in human resource, however, assists in management and effective data collection that will contribute towards developing creative business decisions. Information systems and software applications are used in human resource departments to manage employees working in a company. Human resource makes use of different software applications in its operations, for instance, employee turnover can be monitored using one application while a different application is used to screen job applicants. Use of software applications in operations within human resource department makes work easier and this will improve productivity and effectiveness of the entire company. These applications will enable human resource to employ qualified candidates and they will also be able to manage company information in an effective manner (Cashman, et.al, 2009). Management department uses information systems and software applications to analyze and facilitate organizational activities. Companies are able to design, evaluate and implement information through the use of information systems and software applications to generate information as well as to improve effectiveness and efficiency of making organizational decisions (Cashman, et.al, 2009). Software applications provide large hardware storage capacities therefore making it possible for managers to store and link large volumes of data. Information systems applications also provided managers with useful data about inventories, sales and other information that would be used in management of a company. Successful applications enable a business to achieve its long-term objectives as the company can highlight its weaknesses and strengths due to the availability of records regarding employee performance as well as revenue reports. These aspects will assist a company to improve its business

GM Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

GM Research - Essay Example Research studies also show that this plant is capable of preventing lipid accumulation in the body thereby helping in weight loss. Natural Garcinia has a certain concentration of the active chemical. However, with the accelerating percentage of people turning towards Garcinia for easy weight loss has been the main focus of genetic engineers. The rind of the fruit was used to make medicinal extracts. Genetic engineers have modified the plant such that the active chemical is now produced in the rind as well as in the endosperm (pulp) of the fruit Trials were conducted on animals (rabbits). No serious condition was noticed in animal trials. Mild ocular irritation occurred when the extract was given in the right eye (Ohia et al,2002), however no literature so far suggest that the extract causes any health problems in humans. Traditionally the agriculture industry has been the best supporter and beneficiary from innovative technology. Interbreeding and natural selection of plant traits have been a common method to grow naturally modified crops for better yield and plant characters. However, the same technique in the laboratory has been developed paving way for the much debated genetically modified crops. Genetically modified crops are not only important to science and researchers but are of immense importance to the farmers as well. The growth projection of GMO’s is directly proportional to the profits of farmers growing the GMO’s. Contrary to the most common perception that growth of genetically modied organisms or plants are anti-democratic in nature, studies and surveys have established that growing these GMO’s are in fact much more beneficial than growing the ordinary forms of the same crop or plants.†In countries where farmers are allowed to grow GM crops, they increasingl y choose to do so. In 2010, 15.4 million farmers in 29 countries cultivated GM crops† (James,2010). Growing Garcinia Cambogia will

Animal Farm Essay Example for Free

Animal Farm Essay This is shown perfectly in Animal Farm. In the beginning animals went against Mr. Jones due to the way they were being treated. The animals felt that the farmers received all the goods for the work they did. So they created a government named Animalism, based on the Old Major’s vision. In Animalism, there are no owners, no rich, but no poor, workers got a better life, and all animals are equal. The animals established the Seven Commandments, which were laws created by the pigs to protect animals. The goals of the government were also set up. The goals said that everyone was equal, there would be more food and sleep for all, there was to be respect for all animals, and they would build a windmill to make life better for all. All this didnt exist by the end of the book. The animals were getting less sleep, less food, and less respect. The windmill became a source of money for the leaders, not for all the animals. The seven commandments were gradually changed to suit the just the pigs until there was only one commandment left. This commandment said that some animals are more equal than others. This was the exact opposite of what they originally intended to achieve. Animalism no longer existed. The pigs began by to act more like humans, whilst at the same time changing the meaning or literally changing the laws. At the start they managed to change the meaning of all animals are equal, by asserting themselves as the â€Å"brain-workers† and taking the milk and apples. Over the years they start trading with animals, drinking alcohol, sleeping in beds, making animals enemies and killing animals. Napoleon also becomes an egomaniac and has a food taster, has dogs to guard him at all times, gun is fired on his birthday, etc. this just goes on to show how he is becoming more like a human. Later on the remaining pigs also took up whips, walked on hind legs, started to wear clothes and played cards. The pigs have now taken up the role of a dictator and rule through force via the dogs, propaganda via Squealer and using the sheep’s new slogan – â€Å"four legs good, two legs better†, which destroys the whole meaning of the of the rebellion. Napoleon only cares about his wellbeing and getting as much power as possible. This is evident when he starts doing business with the humans just to get more money and when he sells Boxer to the horse slaughter for money for alcohol. The final commandment stands as a great example of how those in power manipulate language as an instrument of control. . At the beginning of the novel, the idea of â€Å"more equal† would not only have seemed contrary to the democratic socialist spirit of Animal Farm, it would have seemed logically impossible. But after years of violence, hunger, dishonesty, and fear, the spirit of Animal Farm seems lost to a distant past. Could anyone give some constructive criticism on this essay please?

Passenger To Freighter Conversion Of Aircrafts Engineering Essay

Passenger To Freighter Conversion Of Aircrafts Engineering Essay The purpose of the report is to provide detailed description for future aerospace engineers on how and why a P2F (also known as PTF or Passenger-to-Freighter) conversion is carried out. 1.2. Background Ever since the new millennium started, P2F conversions on aircrafts have become more common in the civil aviation industry. Major civil aviation industry companies (Airbus, Boeing, etc.) started researching with designs on how to modify an airframe structure of their ageing passenger jets to cargo freighters. In conjunction with the current economic situation, civil aviation logistic companies are trying to find ways to cut down expenses on replacing older cargo freighter aircrafts- buying P2F converted aircrafts. Furthermore, P2F conversions extend lifespan of passenger jets, providing first-hand quality P2F cargo aircrafts at second-hand cargo freighter prices. Since there is an increase in demand in the cargo freighter industry more companies will look at P2F conversions .Mainly because it is more economical for the company and they can gain the same amount of revenue at the same time. 1.3. Methodology The information was gathered from a few websites through the internet, books and magazine references .The content was retrieved from websites like http://www.eads.com , books like, magazines like. 1.4. Scope The Focused areas are mainly about the structural differences between a freighter aircraft and a passenger aircraft. In addition, the report will include structure of freighter planes. In addition, it will include the pros and cons of P2F and how the conversion is carried out. Lastly, this report includes the technical effects to the aircraft structure. 2. P2F Conversion Procedures There are various types of P2F conversion procedures. The various procedures are basically created by primary manufacturers (Boeing and Airbus) and assorted conversion companies (EADS (European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company) and SIAEC (Singapore International Airlines Engineering Company)).As a result , there are many different procedures for a P2F conversion to be complete. The following procedures will be according to the 4-month conversion of the Airbus A310 wide-bodied airliner into the Airbus A310-200F by Elbe Flugzeugwerke (EFW).In the following few paragraphs I will discuss about the different procedures carried out during a P2F conversion procedure. (SPG Media Limited, 2010. Airbus A310-200F Freighter Aircraft-Aerospace Technology [online]. Available from: http://www.aerospace-technology.com/projects/a310-200f/) 2.1. Preparation before conversion The airplanes paintwork is scraped off. Thereafter, a fraction of the passenger cabin is taken out. The aircraft is then jacked into a neutral stress point for 4 weeks for the modification of the airframe. With the plane partially empty it is jacked up into a neutral stress point for 4 weeks for the adjustment of the aeroplanes body. (SPG Media Limited, 2010. Airbus A310-200F Freighter Aircraft-Aerospace Technology [online]. Available from: http://www.aerospace-technology.com/projects/a310-200f/) 2.2. Plug windows Now that the aircraft does not carry any more passengers, windows in the aircraft are useless. The windows previously used for passengers to look out of the aircraft are now plugged (covered up). As u can see in the image below, there are no more windows in a freighter aircraft because it saves time on maintenance and for safety reasons. Therefore the windows are plugged.(Marcel van Leeuwen, 2006, Boeing 747 Large Cargo Freighter Arrives in Seattle [online]. Civilian aviation news. Available from: http://www.aviationnews.eu/2006/09/17/boeing- 747-large-cargo-freighter-arrives-in-seattle/) Figure 2.6: Plugging of Windows (Airbus Freighter Conversion, 2010) 2.3. Removal of unwanted material Anything in the aircraft that is not needed anymore is removed from the aircraft. Passenger- related facilities and structure (like seats and carpet flooring) is take out of the as it does not come in handy for a cargo freighter. This is to make room for the installation of the new freighter equipment. With the removal of redundant material it creates space for the cargo. (SPG Media Limited, 2010. Airbus A310-200F Freighter Aircraft-Aerospace Technology [online]. Available from: http://www.aerospace-technology.com/projects/a310-200f/) 2.4. Fitting of cargo door The front-end of the fuselage section is opened up in 2 stages for the installation of the cargo door. The upper frame shell is held at its position and is secured by riveting the frame to the fuselage. The old lower frame shell section is substituted with a new lower frame shell that is lowered into the prepared cut-out location and incorporated strongly to the airframe. The frames forward and aft of the cut-out are entirely replaced by reinforced frames. After the installation of the frames, electric components and hydraulic systems are added for the cargo door to operate with ease. (SPG Media Limited, 2010. Airbus A310-200F Freighter Aircraft-Aerospace Technology [online]. Available from: http://www.aerospace- technology.com/projects/a310-200f/) Figure 2.1 à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Cargo door of Boeing 747-200BDSF http://www.iai.co.il/sip_storage/files/6/34576.wmv, 2002 2.5. Installation of new flooring The normal flooring on a passenger aircraft cannot be used. Hence, the flooring on a passenger plane has to be removed and reinforced with a higher strength floor to resist heavy cargo loads. To move the cargo in the aircraft easily, ball mats and roller tracks are installed onto the cargo flooring. With the new flooring the aircraft can carry more load and be tough at the same time and move the cargo within the aircraft easily.(SPG Media Limited, 2010. Airbus A310-200F Freighter Aircraft-Aerospace Technology [online]. Available from:http://www.aerospace-technology.com/projects/a310-200f/) Figure 2.2-cargo loading system of airbus http://www.eads.com/eads/int/en.html 2.6. Final checks after conversion Once the body of the aircraft has been converted and all thatà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s left to do is to do a final check on the whole aircraft. Firstly, the aircraft avionics is adjusted before tests are carried out. Thereafter, the customer inspects the flight to make sure everything is in working condition. However, before the aircraft is handed over to the customer the documentation for the conversion is finalised. With all these procedures done, the P2F conversion is complete. (SPG Media Limited, 2010. Airbus A310-200F Freighter Aircraft-Aerospace Technology [online]. Available from: http://www.aerospace-technology.com/projects/a310-200f/) 3. P2F conversionà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s cost impact 3.1 Replacement of ageing Freighters by P2Fs. Since the current condition for the economy is not at a very healthy condition, many aero- logistic companies would scout around for second hand cargo freighters. However, second-hand freighters have now reduced in numbers so drastically that most of them will stop flying within a few years. Hence, P2F conversions will help solve the problem of ageing cargo freighters in the near future. In 2009, airbus presented their 20-year forecast of their future freighter fleet. In their statistics shown in Fig3.1, Airbus emphasised on P2F conversions as the way to go to solve the problem of freighter insufficiency Therefore, by 2028 more than half the freighters around the world will be P2F converted. This is because P2F conversion requires low cost, shorter time and less material than manufacturing a freighter from scratch, making it a cost effective solution. (J. Leahy, L. Rouaud, 2009. Global market forecast 2009-2028 [online], 164.Avaialable from: http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm ?onglet=HYPERLINK http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=page=HYPERLINK http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=page=page= .) Figure3.1: graph of PTF in demand (Airbus 2009) http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=HYPERLINK http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=page=HYPERLINK http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=page=page= 3.2. Demand of P2F aircrafts P2F conversion will take the freighter industry to a whole different level. In addition, the wider range of freighter types from P2F conversion will create a new generation of small jet freighters (e.g. Airbus A320 P2F).Besides that ,majority of Airbus freighter demand will be aided with P2F conversion as 96% of freighters in 2028 will be P2F aircrafts. This shows that the future of the P2F conversion industry will have a bright future. (J. Leahy, L. Rouaud,2009. Global market forecast 2009-2028 [online], 164.Avaialable from: http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=HYPERLINK http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=page=HYPERLINK http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=page=page=.) figure3.2: graph on small jet freighters (Airbus 2009) http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=HYPERLINK http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=page=HYPERLINK http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=page=page= 4. Benefits and limitations of P2F conversion Despite its many advantages such as its ability to save money time, material and manpower needed. Alongside, it helps extend an aircrafts life and replaces ageing freighters in the market. However, its disadvantages include acceptable use of market price as well as availability of aircraft. The next few paragraphs will explain and elaborate more on the benefits and limitations of P2F conversion. 4.1 Benefits 4.1.1 Saves cost Companies around the world who are looking to purchase freighter cargo aircraft would most likely try to save up on anything they can save on. One of the benefits of P2F conversions is that it helps companies save money. A P2F converted aircraft costs nearly one third of a freighter aircraft made from scratch. Since ità ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s just part of the aircraft that is reconstructed, it will help save cost on the amount of material used. When there is less work to be done, less manpower is needed. Hence; they can save cost by employing fewer engineers to work. Therefore, P2F conversions help save money for companies. (According to Phillip Securities Research (2005), initiating coverage Singapore) 4.1.2 Extends aircraft life A P2F conversion helps extend an aircrafts life span as well. When an aircraft is almost reaching its age of retirement it can either be scrapped or reborn again. In this case the aircraft is sent to companies that deal with conversions. The old structure is replaced with new structure in order for it to fly safely. Therefore, P2F conversions help extend the lifespan of an aircraft.(EADS media centre, Rising (like a phoenix [online], available from: http://www.contentforce.de/iptv/player/macros/_s_eads/_x_s- 35848193/mediacenter.html?height=500HYPERLINK http://www.contentforce.de/iptv/player/macros/_s_eads/_x_s- 35848193/mediacenter.html?height=500width=1024attrs=scrolling=noHYPERLINK http://www.contentforce.de/iptv/player/macros/_s_eads/_x_s- 35848193/mediacenter.html?height=500width=1024attrs=scrolling=nowidth=1024HYPERLINK http://www.contentforce.de/iptv/player/macros/_s_eads/_x_s- 35848193/mediacenter.html?height=500width=1024attrs=scrolling=noHYPERLINK http://www.contentforce.de /iptv/player/macros/_s_eads/_x_s- 35848193/mediacenter.html?height=500width=1024attrs=scrolling=noattrs=scrolling%3Dno) (SIA engineering company websiteprovides information on what P2F conversion is) 4.2 Limitations 4.2.1 Acceptable used market price P2F conversions serve as a form of investment for airline companies. If the cost of the conversion is more than the proposed price to sell the aircraft, the owner selling the P2F converted aircraft will incur a loss. In addition, different models of aircraft go through different kinds of conversion processes. Hence, the standard of quality and the workmanship to set prices for the P2F aircrafts vary widely, which might lead to underpriced P2F planes. (Hamilton, http://museair.googlepages.com/ThePassingofanUnrecognisedIndustryGi.pdf , 2007) 4.2.2 Airframe availability In order to perform a P2F conversion, there must be available airframes. The airframe needs to be from an airworthy passenger jet which is not in service anymore. If not, it would make no sense just to make an aircraft and convert it. Therefore, the number of used jets there are out there is limited to availability. (Hamilton, http://museair.googlepages.com/ThePassingofanUnrecognisedIndustryGi.pdf , 2007) 5. Conclusion The P2F conversion procedure may seem simple to digest. However, it is much more sophisticated compared to the other areas in the aeronautical market. Regardless, the freighter market is shinning their spotlight on P2F conversions to give old passenger aircrafts a second chance to fly again as freighters. In addition, P2F aircrafts are able to perform almost as well as new freighters made from scratch. No matter how advanced P2F conversion gets, there are limits for the acceptable used market price. Otherwise, the conversion will result in heavy loss financially. 6. Recommendations P2F conversion is a very profitable market to invest in. Companies dealing with P2F can take one more step by making use of more advanced technology when they are converting aircrafts. It can help save cost by using less material and maybe even with efficiency. Therefore P2F conversions can take one more step ahead by doing more research in this industry as there will be a rise in demand for freighter aircrafts in the future. III. References SPG Media Limited, 2010. Airbus A310-200F Freighter Aircraft-Aerospace Technology [online]. Available from: http://www.aerospace-technology.com/projects/a310-200f/ [Accessed 16 august 2010] Marcel van Leeuwen, 2006, Boeing 747 Large Cargo Freighter Arrives in Seattle [online]. Civilian aviation news. Available from: http://www.aviationnews.eu/2006/09/17/boeing-747-large-cargo-freighter-arrives-in-seattle/, [Accessed 16 august 2010] J. Leahy, L. Rouaud,2009. Global market forecast 2009-2028 [online], 164.Avaialable from: http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=HYPERLINK http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=page=HYPERLINK http://www.airbus.com/en/gmf2009/appli.htm?onglet=page=page= .[Accessed 16 august 2010] like a phoenix [online], available from: http://www.contentforce.de/iptv/player/macros/_s_eads/_x_s-35848193/mediacenter.html .[Accessed 16 august 2010] SIA engineering company websiteprovides information on what P2F conversion is. [Accessed 16 august 2010] Hamilton,http://museair.googlepages.com/ThePassingofanUnrecognisedIndustryGi.pdf , 2007 [Accessed 16 august 2010]

Interpretation And Appreciation Of The Floral Motif Arts Essay

Interpretation And Appreciation Of The Floral Motif Arts Essay Since this is a historical based paper focusing on the way in which wallpaper designers communicate through the use of visual language, different interpretations of the subject of botanical forms, historical background information must be provided to make a fuller understanding possible. This chapter is vital to the study of two dimensional surface design as it will explore the history of wallpaper and the reason one desires to decorate ones surroundings. 2.2. Literature review As well as the research carried out exploring the innovations of 20th century wallpaper design and the exploration of different interpretations of the floral motif, some considerable time was also dedicated to investigate the early history of wallpaper. The basic intention of undertaking this research was to examine the way in which wallpaper appeals to society and to provide a more in depth understanding of the sophistication of wallpaper design, which is a vital element of this study. Questions that are deriving the construction of the historical chapter include: Where did the concept of wallpaper originate from? What was the function of wallpaper? When were flowers and botanical forms first used as a form of decoration? The above objectives were explored by the study of literature surrounding the topic of the history of wallpaper, combing knowledge from books, journals, interior design magazines, and the information from internet sources. The final dissertation will answer these questions and draw relevant conclusions concerning the innovations of two dimensional surface design. The literature review in this section is intended to name the sources used and does not attempt to evaluate the categorised research which underlies them. For this historical chapter a number of sources have been thoroughly researched however some of the sources were more informative than others. Wall Papers of France 1800-1850 by Odile Nouvel (1981) gives a comprehensive narration of the history of wallpaper dating back to wallpapers before the nineteenth century and also refers to British wallpaper design. A similar book in terms historical background information which was also studied, Wallpaper in America From The Seventeenth Century to World War 1 by Catherine Lynn(1980) concentrates more on the styles of wallpaper and refers to British and French influences on American Wallpaper design. Chapter three Eighteenth-Century English wallpaper styles devotes 36 pages of typical wallpaper styles, motifs and patterns from this century including an in depth section on floral patterns. Whether printed in distemper or varnish colours, or whether flocked, floral motifs derived from textile prototypes form the largest category of repeating pa tterns in this relatively large group of wallpapers known to have been used. (Catherine Lynn 1980 p52) this chapter will be more relevant to later sections of this paper due to the specific information on the interpretation of the floral motif and also the detailed annotations of the provided images which clearly demonstrate the style as well as the predominant characteristics of wallpaper from the 18th century. The Floral home Introduction by Leslie Geddes-Brown (1992) is a very good informative source referring to the history of the floral motif which was a more difficult subject to track down using internet sources. More up to date sources which were looked at closely include Lesley Jacksons Twentieth Century Pattern Design and Off The Wall by Lena Lencek and Gideon Bosker which both examine pattern as a quintessential part of the 20th Century design history. Both authors provide a brief, informative history of wall coverings since the 15th century and suggest that wallpaper often reflects the cultural climate of the era of which it was produced. Timothy Brittain-Catlins A Papered History states that wallpaper was for, who chooses it, who pays for it, who it applies to and who appreciates it are all questions that have had different answers at different times. (A Papered History p7) The three books mentioned above will be very useful in terms of putting into context how wallpaper designers, historic and contemporary, are influenced by their social surroundings which in result affect the aesthetic qualities of their designs. The most valuable source however has been the wallpaper history website which lists and allows access to online articles which provide a very detailed insight to the history of wallpaper. The most relevant articles relating to this chapter have been by Alan Benjamin (2009) and Babara Krasner Khait (2001) where both texts are designed as an aid in comprehending the many facets of todays products. Benjamin in particular refers to evidence of wall coverings which dates back to thousands of years B.C, with the use of cave drawings and although this does not resemble wallpaper as we know it today it does signify mans earliest desire to decorate ones surroundings. The history of wallpaper chapter in his article provides a very specific and technical overview referring to the development of wallpaper and how it was used functionally as well as aesthetic purposes in the 16th century to keep out the cold and damp. Both articles are very well written, being short yet adequate and objective his torical accounts which are essential for this paper. Where did the concept of wall coverings originate from? According to archaeologists, the tradition of decorating walls dates back to several thousand years B.C in the form of cave drawings and still to this day it is uncertain as why ancient ancestors chose to decorate their surroundings. The two major theories concerning the reasons behind these graphics are explained as wish fulfilment and aesthetics of art. Although this does not resemble wallpaper as known today, it does signify mans earliest desire to decorate his surroundings. (Benjamin 2009) The ancient Egyptian and Roman civilization are also noted in history to have painted their living environment in a highly individual manner expressing two dimensional portrayals of visible and invisible worlds Earth and the domain of the Gods. (Benjamin 2009) Wallpaper actually begun in ancient China, first because the Chinese invented paper, and secondly because they glued rice paper onto their walls as early as 200 B.C What is the function of wallpaper? The use of wallpaper initially began as a cheap substitute for tapestry and panelling. Some historians believe that the use of wallpaper dates back to the 1400s. (Krasner-Khait 2001) The first wallpapers in England were individual sheets, decorated with geometrical woodcut patterns and printed in black ink on pale paper by a hand operated press. These papers could have been used for anything from covering up an unfortunate space, concealing uneven plasterwork or as an innovative alternative to hanging pictures on the wall. (Brittain-Catlin p7) Homes were built of stone during this period so the main function and practicality of these hangings was used to keep out the cold and damp. Wallpaper was soon to become the poor mans tapestry, an imitation of the expensive textiles used in royal households. Elizabethan England saw a higher demand for wallpaper as its popularity increased. The elite of society were accustomed to hanging large tapestries on the walls of their homes, a tradition from the middle ages. (Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia) These tapestries added colour as well as providing an insulating layer between the stone walls and the room, thus retaining heat in the room. However, tapestries were very expensive and therefore only the very rich could afford them. For the not so rich members of the elite, they turned to wallpaper to brighten up their rooms as they were unable to but tapestries due to price or wars preventing international trade. Throughout Europe, a fascination began with these papers that offered protection against dampness and improved ability to handle fireplace smoke. In the twentieth century, when mass production, innovated materials, and printing techniques cross pollinated with an unprecedented fluidity of traditions and designs, wallpaper leapt from its privileged position as a covering for the elite to become the truly democratized and democratizing purveyor of domestic elegance refinement and in some cases, downright kitsch. (Lencek and Bosker, 2004, p9) When were flowers first used as a form of decoration? It is extraordinary how floral art crops up in every century and civilization. There is evidence of a detailed wall painting from ancient Egypt that depicts geese grazing from grasses and tiny red flowers which dates back from 2550B.C. Indeed if a tribe or nation does not respect and recreate the beauties of nature, it has little claim to be called civilized. (Geddes-Brown 1992 p8) The flower was used as a symbol and sometimes reflected religious beliefs. The Iris and Lily were both symbols of royalty and the Virgin Mary and were popular subjects of renaissance painters. It is a mistake to identify floral art and decoration only with the chintzy, the countrified and the cosy though all these styles have tremendous charm. Flowers can be architectural (the Greeks used palm and acanthus leaves for their capital), political (roses and thistles were secret Jacobite signs) and perhaps even sinister (the blood thirsty cultivated dahlias and zinnias). (Geddes-Brown 1991 p8) SUMMARY!!!! 3 Victorian wallpapers Introduction Being noted as important era in the history of wallpaper design, a considerable amount of time was dedicated thoroughly researching Victorian wallpaper. This is an important chapter in the study of the floral motif as this period not only put British design on the map but also redesigned wallpaper all over the world and is still, to this day, popular within the interior market. As well as the typical characteristics of Victorian wallpaper, much attention will be given to the research of British designer William Morris, who not only was a one- man pattern-making phenomenon, but was also the founding father of the arts and crafts movement. The overall aims and objectives of this chapter will draw conclusions as to why this period of design was so revolutionary and why Morriss designs are still used to influence todays designers. It will put into perspective how wallpaper has developed with the ever changing society and how the subject of the floral motif has morphed from a realistic representation to a more abstract and simplistic form throughout the centuries. Literature review The Victorian era, was a grand time for wallpaper featuring over embellished designs. Floral Prints were very popular in Victorian England. Print upon print lined the interior walls of rooms, mostly in a rich and heavy colour palette. Dark red, bottle green, chocolate brown, maroon and deep glowing blue were predominant in a great profusion of pattern and ornament. The advent of mass production of wallpaper put the cabbage rose and arabesque patterns within the budget range of practicality of every home. Designers such as William Morris and his lyrical interpretations of nature, hand-printed by the wood block method, came to symbolize Art Nouveau. William Morriss first wallpaper designs started to appear in the 1860s. They came as a slightly later edition to the textile designs. Morris himself was not a big fan of wallpaper for interiors. He much preferred the idea of using hung textile work, such as tapestry or heavy fabrics framed as panels, which he saw as more traditional for interiors than the fairly recent wallpaper industry. Another reason was the difficulty in achieving a good and faithful reproduction of initial design work. Morris was a definite perfectionist and was not prepared to take on a medium if the results were to be less than perfect. William Morris maintained that beautiful surroundings improve the quality of life, and that all of the elements which play a part in the overall style of an interior, textiles and wall coverings are among the most important. Whatever you have in your room, think first of your walls, for they are that which makes your house a home William Morris (1834-1896). William Morris Floral wallpaper designs. Naturalistic flowers and fruit were characteristics of early Victorian wallpapers; initially, they were superimposed on classical architectural backgrounds but in the 1840s they were intertwined with elaborate scrolls and cartouches. By the 1850s, however, design innovators such as Owen Jones and AWN Pugin had rejected this naturalism in favour of flat, formalised patterns. John Ruskin whose theories on design had a big effect during the second half of the nineteenth century, rejected the whole repertory of Renaissance-Classical decorative motifs as prefabricated. William Morris, the guiding light of the arts and crafts movement of the 1870s and 1880s generally shared the views of Pugin, Jones and Ruskin. He believed however that flowers used in textiles and wallpaper designs should be seen to be growing naturally. Motifs from nature, though flattened and stylised, were clearly outlined and recognisable in is patterns. They retained their fundamental characteristics, yet their style was so emphasised. Morris and other Arts and Crafts artists were drawn to the natural world for their imagery. Morris himself dismissed the exotic hothouse plants so popular with the Victorians and instead drew his floral motifs from his garden and the English countryside. Marigolds, honeysuckle, jasmine and lilies were among the flowers depicted in his wallpaper designs. Morris believed that the structure of patterns was of crucial importance, as he explained à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦if the lines of them grow strongly and grow gracefully, I think they are decidedly helped by the structure not being elaborately concealed. His designs were rigorously constructed, on either a symmetrical diamond design framework or a branch framework that created a bower effect. Willow boughs or scrolling acanthus leaves were used as a structural background in a number of Morris designs. Many of his designs also included complex, subsidiary patterns of small flower growing from meandering stems. His insistence on the highest standards of design is apparent in this quotations: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ no amount of delicacy is too great in the drawing of the curves of a pattern, no amount of care in getting the leading lines right from the first. Remember that a pattern is either right or wrong. It cannot be forgiven for blundering. A failure forever recurring torments the eye. William Morris (1834-1896). (images) Wallpaper analysis Morriss first commercial wallpaper designs, as can be seen in the first two images here, Daisy and Pomegranate, were very much a case of stamped motifs on a fairly simple and plain background. Some of the motifs were actually reproduced from Morriss medieval style tapestry work, usually from incidental backgrounds or lower foregrounds where they were used to fill in spaces around the more important human figures. Both Daisy and Pomegranate were produced in the mid-1860s and reflect very much the simplicity of much of Morriss early textile work. In fact, many of the designs initially produced for textiles did end up as wallpaper patterns, with very few changes in the design, if any. By the 1870s Morris wallpaper design work had become much more accomplished, and therefore much more complex. There is very little, if any plain background to be seen, and whereas the earlier examples were largely independently stamped on to a surface, the later examples are clearly intertwined with each other, making it difficult to see any obvious motifs. The three designs shown, Larkspar, Pimpernel and Chrysanthemum were all produced in the 1870s. They clearly show the confidence in the design work and the medium, and are therefore much more fluid and free form than the earlier, more tentative work of the 1860s. It would be tempting to see some of the fluid and meandering flower stems, rich, full flowers and languid leaves, as an indication of the roots of Art Nouveau, and while there is a certain similarity in some of Morris work, it is also firmly rooted within both the British Arts Craft movement and the styles and fashions of the mid-Victorian design world. What makes Morris wallpaper design work stand out from others of the same era is the intensity of the compositions. There is a real observational passion for the natural world that is missing from so much of Victorian floral derived work. To Morris, these designs could not just be interpreted as pretty, or attractive, they were much more. They were indeed part of his lifes work and passion. They were a record of the British traditional rural landscape, one of nature and human in a harmonic symbiosis. The intertwining of much of his floral work could be interpreted as a framework in which we are all a part, which is one of the reasons that Morris disliked geometry as a design tool, as he interpreted it as a man-made system for trying to quantify the natural world, rather than allowing the natural world to quantify itself. The Acanthus wallpaper The Acanthus has been widely used since early times. A plant with boldly indented and scrolled leaves; it was a common element in Greek and Roman architectural ornament as noted in chapter 1 and a widely used Renaissance Motif. It has appeared in textiles over and over again, from Italian velvets to Arts and Crafts prints. William Morris said of it, No form of ornament has gone so far or lasted so long as this; it has been infinitely varied, used by almost all following styles in one shape or another, and performed many other office besides its original one. Large lead verdure tapestries, employing foliage in soft greens, tans and browns on a dark blue background were manufactures in France and Flanders in the Sixteenth century and greatly influenced William Morris designs for wallpaper. Many designs of the 1890s including a number of William Morris prints incorporated the large swirling patterns of Acanthus scrolls or other classical floral motifs from the sixteenth and seventeenth century. (type up literature review) British Wallpaper in the 1970s The Revival of Art Nouveau in the 1970s Over half a century after the initial movement of Art Nouveau, it re-emerged for a second time in the 1970s. This however was not the only art movement that was rediscovered and re-energised in 1970s wallpaper design. The Art Deco movement was of particular interest which influenced two dimensional surface design, but also aesthetic qualities from a number of Victorian art styles were reincorporated including the works of William Morris and the Arts and Crafts movement. What where the reasons for the re-emergence of the Art Nouveau movement? However, the generation that came after the Modernist outlook the 1950s and 1960s, started to trawl through the ephemera that had been left behind by nearly a century of Victorianism. A new generation of textile and wallpaper designer, who had little if any of the prejudice against nineteenth century design that was shown by previous generations, were keen to examine the design work and if possible produce work that was inspired by the original, but with a contemporary twist. There was a wide range of work produced in this neo-Art Nouveau style. Some was close to the original idea of using florals and incorporating the sinuous line that was present in the original style. Interestingly however, although this seemed like a kick against the ideas of modernist design, many of the ideas and philosophies of twentieth century design were incorporated into these new Art Nouveau inspired patterns. Many of the colour schemes for example, were heightened and changed altogether to fit in with interior schemes that were based on an entirely different set of parameters than the turn of the century originals. There was also less of an emphasis on the portrayal of floral design and much more on a vaguer, even abstract quality to the design work, which placed the emphasis firmly on pattern and shape, rather than any form of representational design. Much of the design work reproduced here (refer to images) is interesting as, although it does represent a re-emergence of interest in past styles, it does not descend into pastiche or plagiarism of the original decorative style. This is not the Laura Ashley style of design, which was more or less a slavishly faithful copy of the period; it is more an interpretation of a design style as seen over the gulf of the twentieth century. Designers saw no point in reproducing faithful copies of the Art Nouveau style, as reproductions were already available. However, they also saw no point in producing new work that copied the style exactly as no one could pretend, as Laura Ashley did, that seventy years of the twentieth century had not happened. These Art Nouveau revival wallpapers give a fascinating opportunity to picture two points in the history of design, the gap between them and how that gap affected the process of design and interpretation. Wallpaper design was still popular in the 1970s, though beginning to lose out to painted walls. However, it was still a mainstay in many homes and would continue to be so for the rest of the decade. This popularity meant that the choice and range of design work available was fairly large compared to todays choices. Geometrically derived patterns, as the ones shown here, were still popular throughout the decade, as were all forms of floral, from the traditional realistically looking flower patterns, to popular graphic interpretations. All of the patterns shown here are of wallpaper designs from around the 1970s. They all take the flower as their source of inspiration and its subsequent decorative effect. All are basically flat pattern designs, some more abstract than others, but all still using the flower as a standard motif. Wallpaper Analysis Taking a flower down to its basic components, you are left with four petals and a circular centre. There are of course endless variations on this theme, with the petals multiplying or decreasing, though four tends to be the lower limit. The centres can also range from a fairly complex pattern with a number of different centres, to a very simple but effective circle. Some of the flower motifs in these examples have become little more than geometric shapes with the flower becoming so abstract that it is barely recognisable as such. However, that does mean that the design is not a floral, no matter how far removed it has become from the original inspiration, it could still justifiably be classed as a floral decoration pattern. Often, by including more than one type of flower motif, the pattern can take on a more complex appearance. In this way patterns can then sit within patterns, so while the petals and centre of the flower can produce a decorative effect within its own right, a self contained pattern, these can then be used as multiples, creating another pattern. If a different flower motif is then introduced, that flower has a decorative effect of its own and if juxtaposed with the original flower motif, they contrast with each other, thus creating yet another pattern effect. This can go on so that a number of more complex layers are added, though care should be taken not to overload the design, which can become confusing the more elements that are added. This can be a particular problem with wallpaper design whereby a pattern effect has to be able to be interpreted easily from a distance, but must also be effective when seen close up. Another interesting effect that can be used is when flower motifs overlap each other, creating an opportunity to produce yet another flower motif, and by changing the colour tone slightly, this new flower design will appear as if still connected to the overlapping decorative flower motifs, while retaining some independence from them at the same time. Colour and tone is an important element, particularly within flat pattern where it is sometimes difficult to give the design elements that make up the pattern enough differentiation for it to have any effect, particularly from a distance. By using similar colours or one colour with different tones, it becomes much easier to see separate elements of the pattern while still maintaining a balanced piece that appears to be both harmonious and effective. The art world has introduced countless ideas and methods that have been reinterpreted by both textile and wallpaper designers. Abstraction and colour and paint techniques in all their modernist facets, have been used repeatedly and constantly by designers who were keen to add to the repertoire of the industry. Large bold patterns, still with the flower as its centre of inspiration, have been part of the wallpaper industry for a long time. By interpreting and often reinterpreting for the medium concerned, effective large repeat patterns have been produced that seem to have little to do with a mass production industry, but are still mass produced nonetheless. These patterns often appear to be less constructed and less precise, often giving the illusion of spontaneity and creativity, the hallmarks or at least the common interpretation of much of the twentieth centurys fine art output. This is by no means a comprehensive interpretation of flat design. It only gives a few ideas as to the complex nature of this style of design and the number of variations that are easily achievable. In Conclusion flat design appears to be much more creative and inspiring than traditional floral realism for example, with endless opportunities to both simplify and complicate the same pattern motif. (Images of 1970s wallpaper) Methodology Introduction When embarking on a topic of research, all of the possible methodological factors must be taken into account as sources of information are of great importance. Decisions ave o be made into which method of data collection to use to achieve the greatest information specific to the question at hand. In order to try and find out as much information about the topic and area being disgussed, a variety of acedemic sources were needed, such as books, journals and the internet. These academic sources wer all accesed in a selection of different places. Despite a wide variety of ways to find all of this information, the information did not come without its problems. Finding the information There are many ways of findng the information that is needed. Most of the information in relation to this study was found in the university library in the textiles department. This was done by searching for and looking through relevant literature in the books that were available in the library. Finding books for relevant information was one of the first things that had to be done in order in order to find background inforation on the topic, such as what work had already been done in the area. Books were also then found in order to find informaton in relation to the question being asked through the use of search engines, which produces a list of books/journals with relevance to keys words, authors etc. The internet was also used as a method of secondary resourcing. This was used to find websites such as the Wallpaper History website which provides links of online aricles referring to the history of wallpaper and the innovations of wallpaper design. The internet also allowed journals to be found online, this allowed access to more up to date literature which was not provided by the available books in the library. Journals are also quick and easy to find, simply using the search engine tool online, a large number of journals become available to read. These journals were used in the same way as books, to find background knowledge and to help find information towards the question. The books and journals especially, helped to find vital information on the topics of the innovations of wallpaper design and how designers have put their own stamp on the very popular floral motif which has developed with te ever changing society. This is all acedemic wock which was needed in order to answer the question as thoroughly as possible. Interviews Interviews give a ricj insight to peoples biographies, experience, opinions, values, aspirations, attitudes and feelings. Interviews were taken place in The Temple Newsome Museum which is celebrated for its wonderful collections of fine and decorative arts, especially paintings, furniture, silver, ceramics, textiles and most importantly wallpapers. James Lomax the exhibition curator who specialises in the 17th 18th and 9th century was interviewd. This was to obtain an insight of a professionals view on the matter. Using interviews as methods of colecting data proved to be a reliable source of researc. This is because of the specific questions are asked with a reliable reply relating to the subject matter. Data can be obtained easily and resourcefully using certain questions. Interviews can be delivered in a structured or unstructures form. Consideration was given to the type of interview that was carried out to gain the best results. There are both advantages to consider when chossing the most appropirate one. Structured interviews are seen as having set questions. These questions are asked and recorded on a standardised schedule. The question cannot be modified during or after the interview. In contrast an unstrctured interview is less formal, where the interviewer has a greater flexibility and freedom. It was thougt that an interview towards the less structured theory would be more effective as the researcher did not want to domain the interview. Planning was essential for the process. Limitations Limitations include trying to find books that were relevant and that were also up to date. As a way of traking this because the university library only had a limited amount of books available on the floral motif, inter library loans were used, this is when books can be loaned form other university libraries. This however can be very time consuming because people may already have the books out and even if they havent it can take a few days before the ooks arrive to be collected. Another disadvantage of using the library which proved to be a problem in the stages of research was the opportunity for others to put a reserve on books which were already loaned out. This not only adds pressure to the researcher but limts the time available to read through the books and to thoroughly digest and understand the information provided.