Literary Analysis †Mr Van Gogh Essay

Owen Marshall’s ‘Mr Van Gogh’ addresses the inevitable issue of marginalisation of an individual. Through language features he influences the reader to reflect and consider action of the attitudes towards the socially marginalised. The social rejection of an individual is described through the voice of the town bully, and the cowardly acts of the narrator. Set in a small town in New Zealand it serves as a microcosm of contemporary society. Marshall presents a parable to educate the reader so they understand that there is only inclusion when there is exclusion. Marshall aims to influence the reader to take action and act in ways that challenge the universal social norms. Through the voice of the town bully Marshall presents the issue of Frank’s rejection. Marshall achieves this by emphasising the mockery demonstrated toward Frank. In, ‘†¦ a local turn to entertain the visitors. â€Å"Was he any good though, this Van Gogh bugger? †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, Marshall uses direct speech from Mr Souness to tease Frank about his fondness of Van Gogh. Vincent Van Gogh is Frank’s passion, he admires him like nobody else. The rhetorical question that Souness derides Frank with is appropriate because it shows the reader colloquialism that Souness uses whilst he talks down to Frank. Frank is used as entertainment for the townspeople who sadistically take pleasure by ridiculing Frank’s devotion toward Van Gogh. This arouses guilt in the reader because it relates to the broader social context, showing the truth about society; Marshall uses representative characters to show that society must have â€Å"outcasts†. The reader realises that you can either be part of society or have individuality. The isolation of Frank is further evident in, ‘†¦ old bugger is holding up the democratic wishes of the town’, this shows the parallel relationship between Van Gogh and Frank through Marshall creating repetition in diction through the repetition of, ‘bugger’. Marshall used an extended metaphor, which further developed the character of Frank by relating him to Van Gogh, who was also marginalised. Ironically by calling Frank, ‘Mr Van Gogh’, the community are isolating him, destining him to follow Van Gogh’s fate – a misjudged genius dying alone, unrecognised in his ifetime for his work. The exclusion that Marshall created through the voice of the town bully is additionally seen through the acts of the bystanders in the community. The marginalisation of Frank is reflected through the cowardly acts of the narrator. The townspeople have no interest in standing up for Frank; he stands up for himself. In, ‘Mr Van Gogh was stand ing before the laughter with his arms outstretched like a cross’, the simile accentuates to the reader that Frank is derided, the town bully and his accompanies laugh at the fight he reluctantly devotes himself to. The Biblical allusion emphasises the use of the simile by connecting Frank to Jesus; this shows that Frank and Jesus have a parallel relationship – Frank is being used as a sacrifice for the entertainment of the townspeople, sacrificing himself by standing up for his hero, Van Gogh. The community proceeds to be spectators even if they believe the ridiculing is wrong; they convince themselves that the discrimination is not their business, highlighted in, ‘I went away from the fence without watching anymore’. Pontius Pilate walked away, ‘washed his hands’ of responsibility of Jesus’s crucifixion; the narrator relates because he sees Frank being used as a human sacrifice, yet he turns his back and walks away – not wanting to be part of the taunting acts, and too fearful for his own self worth if he stood up for Frank. Marshall elaborates to the reader the unwillingness to risk ourselves for others is human behaviour; such as following in the role of others. The community mirrors Souness; whereas Frank chooses to create his own path. By destroying Frank’s house Marshall symbolises the destruction of Frank’s individuality. Marshall shows the community is unconsciously making efforts to destroy any forms of individuality. In, ‘It rose like a phoenix in its own flames, and he wasn’t part of it anymore†¦ the colour, and purpose, and vision of Mr Van Gogh had gone out of himself and was there on the walls about us†, the listing of abstract nouns accentuates to the reader creating a link between Frank and Van Gogh – they both dedicated their lives to their passion. The relation to the mythical creature, phoenix, certify the resurrection of Frank; his soul is carried through his work, his house. This Classical allusion is used to demonstrate to the reader the symbolic aspects of the house, such as Frank’s originality. The simile in, ‘the house collapsed like an old elephant in the drought surrounded by so many enemies’, compares the townsfolk to scavengers – they are seen as cowards, only attacking when their prey seems weak. Marshall uses this because elephants symbolise sensitivity; the relation to an ‘elephant in drought’ underlines the vulnerability of the house whilst Frank is not present to protect his individuality. The author positions the reader to feel sympathy and horror about the destruction of the house, and evokes the sense of powerlessness within the reader because the majority overwhelms the individual. Marshall portrays to the reader that group mentality of the majority attempts to overwhelm individuality. Due to the concept of binary construction, society is predicated on inclusion and exclusion; in order to achieve a sense of community, marginalisation is inevitable and universal. Marshall’s short story makes the reader reflect about the hypocritical ways in which society works. There will always be Van Gogh as long as there are those who express their individuality; there will always be forms of exclusion through inclusion. In, ‘†¦ Souness kept laughing, †¦ rubbed his knuckles into his left eye because of the dust’, the Biblical allusion refers to the Book of Luke through, ‘dust’, emphasising the message, ‘Why point at the speck in your brother’s eye, when there is a plank in your own? First remove the plank from your own eye†¦ ’. Hypocrisy is shown by the townspeople judging others on their personal values, when they themselves have them. Marshall has caused the reader to realise the hypocrisy in their lives, the reader follows in majorities’ lead of society. Marshall causes the reader consider action by changing the ways they think about social marginalisation. It is important for young people to read this story to raise awareness of the reality of society; the social marginalisation in the story is an example of what happens in reality. People are laughed at for being different, however, they should be laughing because society is all the same.

Jury Nullification Paper Essay

Jury nullification is defined as when juries believe a case is unjust or wrong and may set free a defendant who violated the law. Jury nullification has been an option of a jury in the United States. In the legal system that we use today, jurors have the power to give a non-guilty verdict even when the evidence clearly shows that the defendant is guilty. In cases like this, the jurors decide that the certain laws should not be applied to the particular case or that the laws are unjust for the case. In other cases the jurors may believe that the laws are certainly bias against the defendant to begin with. The 14th amendment in our Constitution promises that all persons no matter race, sex, or religion are allowed due process and equal protection from the law. Today society find it vital to question to what extent a jury may take these laws and make them their own. In this paper it will explain whether ethnicity influences courtroom proceedings and judicial practices, summarize the arg uments for and against ethnicity-based jury nullification, include contemporary examples of ethnicity-based jury nullification and last but not least conclude by choosing a position for or against ethnicity-based jury nullification and defend your decision. A debate that has been going on for some time has always been race-based jury nullification. Jury nullification does have some good point in which it benefits the criminal justice system as it allows the jury to interpret the law and come up with an agreement based on their beliefs. There are reports and statistics that prove discrimination is alive and that a persons race does affect the length and severity of the punishment assigned to him or her. Racial- based nullification can be beneficial in addressing the unfair issues in the criminal justice system. According to the article, Race Based Jury Nullification, it indicated that Jury nullification occurs when a criminal- trial jury refuses to convict a defendant despite proof of guilt because the jurors believe the law is unjust or is being unjustly applied (Rivera). When this method is applied and used in an honest manner, it could possibly to help even out the playing fields for racial based jury nullification for minorities in t he courtroom when it is time for sentencing based on the law rather than on race. Many of the candidates picked to be a part of the jury knows about jury nullification. Anywhere in the world a jury just like a judge can nullify a criminal case. Based on race many of these cases are  nullified even though the evidence proves guilt. For example OJ Simpsons case proved that he was guilty but since the Rodney King incident occurred prior too, he was nullified by the jury. Often times it is not supported because it allows a biased judgment to be formed not based on guilt of the person but based on race. Majority of the times setting criminals free to commit the same crimes again. Being acquitted of all charges is usually how jury nullifications occur. Many believe that racial nullification should be possible for those that have committed non-violent crimes even if the evidence shows that the person is in fact guilty. The contribution to the criminal justice system is that this would allow the prison system to have more space for those that commit more violent crimes regardless of their race. As we see jury nullification can either be beneficial or it can truly destroy the criminal justice system. Courtrooms need to recognize that there needs to be no biases within the system or people need to be blindfolded before being a part of a case. There needs to be a model set forth in regards to the influence that justice should outweigh any feelings in regards to race and one should serve time for the crime that they was convicted of. African American, or Hispanic or minorities races apply society ought to come close to their effort and be aware of its supporting nature and their choice to practice their authority in benefit of their area. In all these cases, the juror should be educated through his or her viewpoint of what is just and unjust. An opinion paper mentioned that all Black Americans should partake in race- based jury nullification and that to do so would bring about changes in how the justice system handled minority cases, (Jemal, 1997). Other valid points are made b y Jemel, supporting his belief in race-based jury nullification by stating The system is designed to put blacks in jail for largely economic crimes while letting child molesters, rapist and murderers go free (1997). After doing all the necessary research, I stand to say that I am against race based nullification. As stated the juror knows what the defendant has done and yet still allows him or her to be acquitted of the crimes because they feel bad for them or the most used their race. These are biased reasons that should not be used when a person is involved with a criminal case. Race nullification either helps or hinders the system and we are always fighting for a better system. The 14th Amendment helps supports my stance by stating  that All persons receive a fair trial by their peers and that can have no effect at all on the decisions made by the jury. The jury is also sworn into the court by swearing on a Bible that they will not only take into consideration the evidence presented by both parties and that they will not allow for any personal feelings or personal bias to get in the way of their vote. Upon reading this paper it provide detailed information about the influence that ethnicity had on courtroom proceeds and judicial practices, the arguments that were for and against race based nullification with contemporary examples. Where I stand on this subject is evident based on my response and I am a firm believer in equality for all. Racism comes in all forms as we can see.

Economics Effects of Monopoly.Docx Uploaded Successfully

Economics effects of monopoly. In pure monopoly, a monopolist will charge a higher price compared to the firms in purely competitive industry. They also sell a smaller level of output than the firms that involve in pure competition. Compared to pure competition, monopoly is inefficient in both productive and allocative efficiency. In purely competitive industry, the entry and exit of the firms will ensure that the P = MC + min. ATC. However, for pure monopoly industry there is no entry and exit of firms as it is conquer by only one party.The marginal revenue (MR) curve lies below the demand and the produces output where MR = MC, so, the price exceeds the marginal costs (MC) and also exceeds the lowest average total cost (ATC). Pure Competition Pure Monopoly Price Price Quantity Quantity Pc D D Qc S = MC Pc MC Qc MR Qm Pm P = MC = min. ATC MR = MC Figure [ 1 ]: Comparison of pure competition and pure monopoly. Looking at the chosen firm which is TNB, as In pure monopoly, there is an e fficiency loss which is called dead weight loss (also known as excess burden and allocative efficiency).This situation occurs because the sum of consumer surplus + producer surplus is less than the maximum. In other words, this situation occurs either because of the people who have more marginal benefit than marginal cost are not buying the product, or those who have more marginal cost than marginal benefit are buying the product. Income transfer Monopoly wills increases income inequality because the profits are not equally distributed. Monopoly will cause the transfer of income from consumers to the stockholders who own monopoly.This can be seen through levy of â€Å"private tax† on consumers. The owners will gain benefit at the expense of consumers. Cost complications In pure monopoly, the costs may vary because of four factors: 1. Economies of scale According to www. bized. co. uk , economies of scale is the advantages of large scale production that result in lower unit (a verage) costs (cost per unit). Some firms reach large economies of scale because of specialized input, the spreading of product developing costs, simultaneous consumption and network effects.Simultaneous consumption is the ability of product to satisfy a big numbers of consumers at the same time and network effects are increase of value of product to each consumer. 2. X-Inefficiency X-Ineffiency is when the firms produce level of output that is higher than the lowest ATC. X-Inefficiency occurs due to poor management decisions, principal agent problem, poor worker motivation or ineffective supervision as the results of reliance on â€Å"rules of thumb† instead of real costs or revenue decision. Figure [ 2 ]: X-Inefficiency 3. Rent seeking expenditures

Jealous Husband Returns in the Form of a Parrot Essay - 1

Jealous Husband Returns in the Form of a Parrot - Essay Example His inner frustration is vented out when he says, ‘I flap my wings and I squawk and I fluff up and I slick down and I throw seed and I attack that dangly toy as if it was the guy's balls’ (Butler). However, it merely increases his frustration for the result is merely a deeper realization of his tragic reality: ‘†¦ it does no good. It never did any good in the other life either, the thrashing around I did by myself’ (Butler). The writer, therefore, revolves the story and the narration around this inner conflict felt by the parrot, who has no choice now but to see other men visiting his wife in what used to be his home. Robert Olen Butler, in fact, adds to the agony of the parrot/jealous husband through the constructed set of the play. The narrator returns to his home when he is bought by his wife and is incarcerated in a cage. The entire setting of the story then takes place within the house, that once used to be the home of this jealous husband. However, the irony of the situation is that the position of his cage is such that he is only able to see part of the bedroom. He can see every man enter and exit his house but can not see any activity that takes place in the bedroom, which adds to his frustration and his curiosity. The narrator expresses his frustration, explaining: ‘When she keeps the bedroom door open I can see the space at the foot of the bed but not the bed itself. That I can sense to the left, just out of sight. I watch the men go in and I hear the sounds but I can't quite see. And they drive me crazy’ (Butler). These frustrations and the inner conflict of the narrator are cleverly portrayed by the writer, for he not only uses the point of view of the parrot but also gives a humanistic element to the narration. While the parrot has all the qualities and limitations of a bird, the narration of the parrot is altogether human.  Ã‚  

Current event summary Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Current event summary - Personal Statement Example he comprehensive history of Luther is one that explains a leader who was willing, and motivated the society towards championing for their rights (Fandel & Bascle 28). The history of America is one that recalls the towers built by Luther that are transmitted from one generation to the next. Achua &Lussier indicate that Desmond Tutu is a leader that portrayed a lot servant leadership (332). Tutu derived a lot of meaning from an apprehension that their legacy is crucial in providing their followers with a foundation of self development, accord and companionship (Achua &Lussier 332). Tutu was a charismatic leader who made numerous sacrifices and suffered meaningfully on behalf of his people (Achua &Lussier 332). Abrams says that Thambo Mbeki is a leader that will be remembered for his commitment to leadership (88). He was dedicated and devoted to the people of South Africa, and fought continuously for his people. He is remembered for his fight against apartheid, and as a president, he attempted to heal the wounds of oppression from previous decades (24). Curtis & Manning is of the thought Adolf Hitler is one that is a good example of negative historical significance (23). Hitler as a leader during his tenure in 1919-1945, is indicated to have a lot of weaknesses, and used suggestion to lead (Curtis & Manning 23). Though Hitler had a good beginning, he had numerous personal weaknesses that led to his isolation, and label as a dictator (Curtis & Manning 23). Niagawoe is of the opinion that Charles Taylor, as a leader is one of the major contributors of the Liberian civil war (21). Taylor is accused of corrupt scandals that siphoned a lot of funds from the Liberian government. With crimes against humanity befalling his shoulders, Taylor has a lot of cases to answer with the International Criminal Court. Laufs says that Robert Mugabe is yet another leader that displayed vices of a manipulative leader (18). Mugabe is a leader that has resulted to not embracing

Immunolocalization of the microtubule cytoskeleton Essay

Immunolocalization of the microtubule cytoskeleton - Essay Example The most prominent methods are: Western blot, spectrophotometry, enzyme assay, immunoprecipitation and immunostaining. In immunostaining, the method used during this procedure, an antibody is used to detect a specific protein epitope. These antibodies can be monoclonal or polyclonal. Then enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase are commonly used to catalyse reactions that give a coloured or chemiluminescent product. Fluorescent molecules can be visualised using fluoresence microscopy. During this experiment, the distribution of the protein tubulin in normal rat kidney (NRK) cells is explored. A monoclonal antibody that is specific for the -subunit of tubulin is used. Tubulin polymerizes into long, 25-nm wide microtubules that we will visualize with tubulin antibodies. The formation and maintenance of microtubules is cold sensitive. At 4C, microtubules are destabilized and they depolymerize. At 37C, human body temperature, they remain polymerized. Photograph 1 shows cells incubated at 4 0C, while photograph 2 shows cells incubated at 37 0C. At this stage of the procedure, microtubules cannot be detected in either of the photographs. 3 separate plates are used to create the NRK cells culture. ... The coverslip is then immersed in 3.7% formaldehyde (in PBS) at room temperature. Immersion in 0.2% Triton-X 100 (in PBS) detergent at room temperature follows. To prevent the subsequent antibody from sticking non-specifically to the cells on the coverslip, the coverslips should be incubated with cell-side-up with a 100-l droplet of 3% (w/v) bovine serum albumin (BSA). The incubation is done on a piece of Parafilm in a humid Petri dish for 15 minutes. An anti-tubulin dilution is prepared with 1 part antibody + 75 parts 1% (w/v) BSA in PBS. A 200 l total of antibody is necessary for the three coverslips. This tubulin antibody is a monoclonal antibody (12G10) and recognizes the -subunit of tubulin. Then each coverslip is overlayed each with a 100-l droplet of the diluted tubulin antibody. After that, a secondary antibody with 1 + 200 in 1% (w/v) BSA in PBS is used. The coverslips are placed back into the Petri dish chamber and overlay with a 100-l droplet of secondary antibody and they are incubate for 30 minutes at 37C. Therefore, we have 3 coverslips, all treated with the secondary antibody, 2 of them are treated with the primary antibody (one of them is incubated at 37C, and the other incubated at 4C) and 1 that is not treated with the primary antibody (incubated at 37C). The coverslips then are placed back into the Petri dish chamber and are overlaid for 30 minutes at 37C with a100-l droplet of Vectastain ABC reagent. This reagent contains a complex of avidin and the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP). They are washed again with PBS. The drops of DAB (diaminobenzidine; a carcinogenic compound) are applied to the coverslips and incubate at room temperature for 5 minutes. After DAB incubation,

Human trafficking in the United States and is Human trafficking Research Paper

Human trafficking in the United States and is Human trafficking related or associated to poverty - Research Paper Example f a questionnaire survey, data will be collected in order to create a mathematical resource for information that will suggest correlations between poverty and incidents of human trafficking in the United States. The biggest issue in curtailing human trafficking is the inability for law enforcement to track and prosecute the incidents. The following table shows the number of suspected cases of trafficking and their type of incarceration. The second table shows the number of prosecutions between the years 2001 and 2005. Because of the difficulty in prosecuting these cases and in creating a viable system of discovering the victims and freeing them from bondage, the best course is through prevention. Through examining the causes and the reasons behind how this activity is propagated, it might be possible to diminish and eliminate the modern day slavery that occurs. As a study in human trafficking, this research will explore the ways in which poverty contributes to the issue. The purpose of the research is to identify those factors in poverty that create an environment in which human trafficking can exist. These factors will include, but not be limited to, income level in the country of origin, sex, and age. Secondary research will be used to create a foundation for the primary research, providing statistics that are relevant to the subject. The primary research will be conducted using quantitative techniques that will assess the identified three variables which increase the level of human trafficking in the United States. The proposed research will be useful for creating an understanding of the issue of human trafficking as it relates to economic and demographic factors. The research for this proposal will be conducted using theories of exploratory research. According to Stebbins (2001), using exploratory research for social science is defined by â€Å"the discovery of generalizations leading to description and understanding† (p. 3). The selected methodology for

Project Management - Planning a wedding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Project Management - Planning a wedding - Essay Example In this case, taking into consideration the objectives and goals of the project would be imperative. Every couple would like to have memorable and unique wedding incorporating a great menu, beautiful decorations, enjoyable music as well as the best honeymoon. In this case, create ideas about color schemes, decorations and flowers matching the scheme, food and cake ideas, music, activities and games for guests as well as favors. Matching the dress codes, invitation cards, thank you cards and themes with other arrangements. Collaborating with the bands, caterers, decorators and designers who would be providing these services. In essence, it would be important that these contacts be followed up with to fasten and ease the arrangements. Booking the reception venue, the church as well as making honeymoon arrangements and incorporating the appropriate table and venue decorations to match up with the set out theme for the occasion. Taking care of the dressing arrangements for the bride, the groom as well as the bridesmaids and grooms men. Have the time schedule clearly stated and liaise with all the stakeholders to ensure that the wedding arrangements go according to plans. This would also entail communicating with all the stakeholders to ensure that the wedding starts and ends on time. Once the service is over, it will be important that all arrangements are made so as to ensure that, the reception venue is properly equipped with chairs and tables, plates, cutlery, water glasses and napkins. This also entails ensuring that the cake, food and drinks are ready as well as making arrangements with the entertainment band. Once the wedding ceremony is over, paying attention to the honeymoon arrangements would also be imperative. All these activities... It is evidently clear from the discussion that project management also involves management of the project plan implementation, as well as running regular controls, in order to ascertain that there is objective and accurate information pertaining to the performance, in line with the plan. In case the project is not going according to plan, either as far as usage of resources or following the process is concerned, recovery actions would have to be devised and implemented to return it to the right course. Given that projects are essentially temporary or short term in nature, they necessitate the development of unique management strategies and technical skills all aimed at meeting distinct goals and objectives. Marking the importance of project management is the fact that the project is constrained in terms of funding, deliverables as well as time-duration within which it has to be completed. The main challenge for project management is essentially the achievement of all project objectiv es and goals while honoring preconceived constraints. The secondary challenge is optimization of the resource allocation and integration of the required inputs so as to achieve the predefined objectives. In quality control, all the characteristics of the project would be examined in order to ascertain their capacity to meet the implied or stated goals and objectives. Quality control refers to the use of activities and techniques that compare the actual performance quality with the intended goals and objectives as well as defining the appropriate course of action to respond to the shortfalls.

Why are ethical considerations important in contermporary social Essay

Why are ethical considerations important in contermporary social research - Essay Example This essay will attempt to give explanations as to why ethical considerations are important in contemporary social research. In the ethical guidelines from the Social Research Association (2003), a social scientist has a sense of obligation to certain key stakeholders of the research they are undertaking. This means that the social scientist must fulfill these obligations. They include an obligation to the society in which the research is taking place. A researcher has to ensure that information collection is done under scientific methods and without subjectivity that the researcher may feel towards the society. The second obligation is to the sponsors or employers of the researcher, where the researcher is required to ensure that the relationship is well defined and do not influence the findings of the research being undertaken. The third obligations fall to the colleagues in the field of the social research. This duty is fulfilled by the researcher ensuring that high standards of collection of data and analysis are maintained for the benefit of all researchers who are involved in the field. This promote s trust in the research findings because of the high level of professionalism. The fourth obligation is to the subjects that will take part in the research the e4thical consideration dictates that the subjects should be made aware of all that entails being part of the particular research. This information is necessary so that the subjects can be able to make informed decisions about their participation. Following the broad aspect of ethical guidelines stated above, it is clear that for a contemporary social research to be undertaken, there are a couple of things that need to be fulfilled to ensure that the findings are not tainted in anyway by using un-scientific methods. These are the ethical considerations that need to

The presentation for nursing research PowerPoint

The for nursing research - PowerPoint Presentation Example Even though the author does not directly communicate a research question for the study, this can be deduced from the research objective and the title. The research question would therefore be, ‘what are the effects of alcohol consumption on sexual behaviour of young women, between 16 and 24 years?’ The article also lacks a research hypothesis but this can be implied from the research question and the research objective. The implied null hypothesis is the statement that alcohol consumption does not affect sexual behaviour of young women between, 16 and 24 years (McMunn, 2008). The article’s literature review is explorative and establishes sufficient background information for the research. It for example explores literature on alcohol consumption by age and gender to identify a specific interest in young women, and impacts of alcohol on their behaviour. The review’s findings are also consistent with existing literature that the group of women between the age of 16 years and 24 years are heavy drinkers. The literature review is therefore comprehensive enough to identify the research problem (Plant, 2009). Strengths and weaknesses of sampling procedures The research applied simple random sampling approach, based on attendance to a given care facility. This is defined by the fact that the young women who attended the facility were a sample of the entire population of women of the particular age group. Simple random sampling has a number of strengths and weaknesses in its application in a research. One of its major strengths is its simplicity that allows a researcher to implement a research design with ease. It therefore offers no technicality that may further induce inefficiency in the data collection process (Ellison, Barwick and Farrant, 2009). The sampling design also has the ability to be used even without a prior knowledge of the target population by the researcher. This also facilitates its ease of application (Aday and Cornelius, 2 011). Simple random sampling also has the strength of eliminating bias in sampling as the each element in the sample space has equal chance of being included in the sample and the researcher lacks control on specific members of the population to be sampled. In the case for instance, the research was limited to those women who attended the facility and the researcher could not study other women who did not register for the facility’s services (McMunn, 2008). The applied sampling procedure also has a number of limitations. While it is simple to apply, it may fail to generate a representative sample. Especially in cases where the target population has identifiable sub groups. Consequently, the applied sampling approach, simple random sampling, may not be suitable for making inferences. This is because in differentiated subgroup and in case the random approach only selects members of a few sub groups, then the generated results would be limited to such groups and not the entire p opulation (McMunn, 2008). Another weakness of the applied approach is the fact that it might not yield efficiency in sampling. This is a consequence of the possibility of a non representative data, especially in a quantitative research (Aday and Cornelius, 2011). Simple random sampling is also a weak approach in a time series research as well as in handling data whose

Strategic HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Strategic HRM - Essay Example een the purpose of human resources to the strategic objectives in an organization aiming to improve and sustain the organization’s performance (Gratton et al 1999, p. 28). Strategic human resource management works on an ideology that management of human resource of an organization depends on the organization developing a unique culture of its own, distinct from other cultures present in the industry under its jurisdiction. To this essence, it requires an organization to develop consistent policies and programs or strategies aligned well for the achievement of its strategic objectives. The chief aim of every organization is to position itself as the best among other firms – building a competitive advantage. Among the several perspectives of building a competitive advantage in business environment, resource-based view of human resource management looks promising to many organizations perhaps due to its centralization on the internal strength of the organization (Radcliffe, 2005, p. 51). The objective of this essay is to evaluate how the adoption of resource-based view (RBV) model of strategic management can lead to achievement of competitive advantage of a business and the shortcomings of this model to a business organization. To improve an organization’s performance strategic human resource management (SHRM) acts as a supervision practice that connects the organizational role of human resource to the managerial predetermined objectives. The improved performance of an organization will bring its competitive advantage in the line of business operation. There are different perspectives of strategic human resource management (Radcliffe, 2005, p. 52). . For example, universalistic perspective, contingency perspective and the resource based perspective. All of these perspectives describe how merging the strategic objectives of a business to the administrative functions can lead to organizations competitive advantage. The proponents of universalistic

Deborah Moggach uses humour to address social issues consider how she does this, paying particular attention to her use of language Essay Example for Free

Deborah Moggach uses humour to address social issues consider how she does this, paying particular attention to her use of language Essay n this essay I will look at how Deborah Moggach uses humour to address social issues. I will give my own opinion and I will also pay particular attention to her use of language. In this essay I will focus on ‘fool for love’ by Deborah Moggach, she addresses the social issues of older women having a relationship with younger men. In this story there is a middle age mother with two teenagers and she found a 26 year old man for a relationship through her day time job in a dispatch room. Deborah Moggach uses humour to address a social issue a number of times throughout the story. The first time we see this is when Deborah Moggach the 26 year old man ask Esther out, ‘want to help me buy a Christmas present for my mum’. This is used as a social issue as he is asking to spend time with her. However the humour comes in later when Deborah Moggach says ‘but did he just want the advice of mature woman’. This makes the audience think and brings reality into the story and reminds us of Esther’s age. We are reminded by the young man’s age later on in the story through humour when Esther is telling him about the state of her son’s bedroom until she realise he is young himself ‘you couldn’t complain about adolescents to somebody who was practically one himself’. This humour is shown as it is as if Esther is relating the young man of her dreams to her son. Deborah Moggach then uses humour when she gets into how Esther feels about how long it had been since she had fallen in ‘love again’ and ‘Since she had shaved her legs every single day’. This humour is shown to emphasis what it is like to fall in love and what ladies do on a daily bases to show that they care top their man. This is also linked to a social issue as it is the reason she is ‘shaving her legs on a daily bases’ for the social aspect of seeing the man. In the sixth paragraph of ‘fool for love’, Deborah Moggach uses humour by saying ‘she had lent him  £10-he never had any money-and he still paid her back’. This is used in a social issue as they are socialising together more carefully now as the story goes on. This is also humours’ as people can relate towards it and it shows that he cares for his feelings and cares for her. ‘Fool for love’ by Deborah Moggach is a story that people are able to relate to well. It seems to be that everyone has fallen in love and had ups and downs, whether they would die to be with them for the rest of their lives or be with them for a period of time. ‘Fool for love’ emphasises just how strong love can be and how powerful it is to some people and this is how people are able to relate towards the story. Humour for a social issues is used a lot of the time throughout the story as a mature woman with a younger man does happen it is not too common which gives Deborah Moggach the perfect chance to play with the writing and ass humour into the story. ‘Fool for love’ is all about social issues with Esther meeting a new young man at work to meeting her son from the airport. I lot of the things that Esther does is because of a social issue and how she wants to come across to people when being social able.

Albert Beveridge | The March of the Flag Speech

Albert Beveridge | The March of the Flag Speech Albert Beveridge, an enthusiastic imperialist, was campaigning for the Indiana senator seat in 1898 when he delivered The March of the Flag speech. The speech, which was published later in the Indianapolis Journal, was pronounced one month after the signing of armistice. The speech aimed at promoting US imperialism both as a divine and national mission that originated with Thomas Jefferson. In the speech, he used religious rhetoric and invoked God eleven times to appeal to an audience. The audience expected politicians to know the Holy Scriptures and took divine Providence as Manifest Destiny. He envisaged the US taking a colonial which he defined in terms of a divine mission. Running as the party of prosperity, economic stability and the gold standard, Republicans won the 1896 presidential election. William McKinley easily defeated the populist Democratic candidate William Jennings Bryan, having gotten enormous campaign contributions mainly from big businesses. He was to usher in a long period of republican dominance in the countys politics. During the period, Cuba was experiencing a humanitarian crisis and the US intervened by attacking Spain in April 1898, quickly acquiring Cuba, the Philippines and Puerto Rico. However, in the Philippines, it took a long and brutal war to quell mounting internal rebellion. When the speech was being delivered, the status of the new territories had not been settled. Through the speech, Beveridge put forward the idea that the US was obligated to extend civilization to the conquered territories as a key platform for bolstering American economic strength. The speech aimed at celebrating American victory. However, behind the enthusiasm lay a burning desire to counter the critics of the imperialist move who Beverage referred to as they in the speech (paragraph 10). The critics, who constituted the great proportion of the electorate, were adamantly opposed and very reluctant to embrace an idea of an imperial America. The speech starts with adulation of his country in epic terms (paragraphs 1-3). Later, he puts across the main issue behind the campaign in paragraphs 4 to7: the decision to or not to pursue an imperialist policy. In paragraphs 8-11, he justifies his countrys pursuance of the imperialist policy and answers objections of anti-imperialists. The objections, he says defies the notion of patriotism and celebration of Americas power. Beveridges first argument was founded on the fact that his countys geographical position gave it political and economic power in terms of resources, size and location dividing the two imperial oceans. This assertion implied that Americas superiority was beyond that of all European powers. In paragraph 3, he refers to myth of the west in relation to the unexplored land or wilderness (paragraph 3). He mentions the heroes of expansionary wars and puts forward a mythic observation of the western conquest of the 1840s (paragraph 7). Beveridges third argument centres on racial superiority. He alludes to the blood (paragraph 2) and evokes the feeling of power associated as evidenced by the virility of the countrys multiplying people. In his view, the increase in American population is sue to their virility and is not related to immigration: this illustrates the mythic approach that America gives to its problems. President Roosevelt would pose as an energetic and virile man on several occasions. This cult of force, power and energy suggests a Darwinian twist in Beverigdes ideas. He also uses religious arguments to advance his idea of imperialism. Reading through the speech, one can be forgiven for thinking that it is a piece of O Sullivans Manifest Destiny. The only variation is that Beveridges religious propositions were mostly expressed in a scientifically inspired language. To his country, the grace of God is feels as inevitable. He later makes reference to natures law in regard to the divine determinism thereby directing his argument in a pseudo scientific explanation of imperialism. In paragraph 5, Beveridge adds yet another dimension to his argument-that of a historical mission of duty. This suggests a traditional puritan idea of stewardship as renewed by the Gospel of wealth during the Gilded Age. Stewardship aimed at civilising people and converting them to Christianity at the same time. Along with the call to stewardship came the need to extend democracy to those perceived to be oppressed. Ironically, the freedom that the American liberators could bring didnt go as far as extending freedom to all. Beveridge calls it rules of liberty self-government. Beveridges insistence on the sense of mission blankets what is a major preoccupation for his country economical predominance. In paragraph 6, he uses the word reward in reference to the parable of Talent. This is a clever marriage of religious economic rhetoric. In his view, rewards were to come in form of new riches and markets- an idea prevalent in the Gospel of wealth that takes wealth for Gods blessing. This shows that the real aim behind imperialism is indeed commercial supremacy. The recurrence of the words domination and power in last paragraph are indicators of this fact. Contextually, the approaching elections were his countrys short term preoccupation. In the long term, the preoccupation was whether the new territories would be annexed to America. Beveridge wanted even more territories to be annexed after the Philippines. His stand was that the values of the American Revolution were not contradictory to the policy of annexation and the views of those living in the annexed territories. To him, the colonised were inferior people who couldnt enjoy the values of American Revolution in equal measure to the Americans. This was a flat rejection of the notion of equality (paragraph 8-10). The constitution should not follow the flag- i.e. the annexed territories shouldnt enjoy the constitutional entitlements of his countrys constitution. His racist mindset clearly comes to the fore in chapter 10 when he describes as inferior the people of foreign lands as savages and alien populations. He envisaged a colonial America governing the new territories since England did it to America. Besides, he explains that the Indians experience offered ideas as to how to handle the conquered. In clearly distinctive wording of we versus them, he is opposed to assimilation of those savages with the mainstream Americans (paragraph 8). His mentality correlates well with that of southerners towards the blacks prior to the Civil War. Finally, he defends the Philippines conquest as a rampart to the then greedy competition for territories by world powers saying that if US didnt do it, other powers would do so. The article is no doubt a celebration of American mythical and heroic founding. It features an explicit show of force and brutality: economic domination of conquered territories, virility of the American population, racial competition and accumulation of wealth at the expense of conquered territories. It evokes the feeling of American supremacy since its founding and the brutal materialism that continues to define American way of life down to the present. The vocabulary indicates both cynicism and naivety. The militant celebration served to convince the deeply cynical electorate to pull in the direction of imperial America. It is naive to the fact that such imperialism deeply violated the values of America as a nation, a fact that could not resonate well with not only the electorate but also the leftist leaning statesmen of the time. To best drive his point home, he insisted on syntactical patterns and repetition of words to bring the audience to his point of focus. His frequent use of questions and answers gave the speech a polemical quality and seemed like a dialogue with his audience. This particularly made the cynical audience evaluate its stand with every posing of a question and giving of a suggested answer. The speech is highly representative of a critical and decisive moment of history in the making of American nation, capturing in great colour the prevalent ideology then. The speech brought out the natural fusion of state policy and Biblical injunction (religion). Implicit in the speech is the ideology that the non-white world was inferior and unable to govern itself. It therefore needed the benevolent Americans civilizing affects. Alexander K. McClure, ed (1902). Famous American Statesmen Orators. VI. New York: F. F. Lovell Publishing Company. p. 3. Book Review: A Field of One’s Own: Gender and Land Rights Book Review: A Field of One’s Own: Gender and Land Rights Book review of A FIELD OF ONE’S OWN: GENDER AND LAND RIGHTS IN SOUTH ASIA by BINA AGARWAL (Cambridge South Asian Studies, 1994) This book is first of its kind. It is the first major study of gender and land rights of woman in the region. This book aims to tackle various gender bias arguments that are put forward by patriarchal society for not giving women the land rights. This book has been of utmost significance in affecting policies providing land rights to women. As in India, it prepared the ground for the incorporation of fairly radical recommendations in Ninth Five year plan. It also led ministry of rural areas and employment in November, 1997 to set up 3 member committee for Gender equality in land devolution in tenurial laws to reform the rules governing inheritance of agricultural land.[1] Book starts with emphasising the role of women in major movements be it Chipko movement in UP or Bodhgaya movement in Bihar, yet women did not receive any share of land that was distributed after these movements. She also describes these struggles vividly at the end of the book that how women participated in Tebhaga struggle, Telangana struggle, Bodhgaya struggle yet the benefits were received all by males and they were said to get back to their household work. It is only in Bodhgaya struggle that they managed to get land jointly in their names after a strenuous struggle. Agarwal pointed out the role of the state in establishing women’s land rights through land distribution. There has been always focus on basic needs such as education, health of women, but she explains it is equally important to focus on giving land rights to women in policy formulation. State has assumed that giving land to male would take care of complete family including women. Assumption of family as singl e entity and benefits get distributed equally holds in state’s allocation of land. But she said that bargaining power plays as much role inside household as much in market. She stressed on women having â€Å"independent rights in land† demanding rights not just in law but in practice as well. This is what would essentially give women more bargaining power according to her. Though she says that an even joint title over land is also beneficial for women than having no land but having independent control over land would give them greater flexibility. Role of the state in establishing land rights for women have been emphasised often in this book. It has well evidenced in this book that because state does not show much interest in giving rights to women that the issue remains suppressed under the carpet. Like it was shown in the case of Garos, a tribal community in North-east India that state policies was largely responsible for erosion of women land rights. She very well also focuses on the fact that how scholars and policy makers have wrongly interpreted Marxist ideology. Engels said â€Å"In capitalist societies, gender relation would be hierarchical among property owning families of bourgeoisie where women did not go out to work and egalitarian in property less proletarian families where women were in labour force.† It was essentially focusing on the fact that abolition of private property could restore women land rights. This was largely ignored by even the left wing parties whose main focus was on land redistribution. While discussing the absence of a gendered focus in redistributive programmes, Operation Barga in West Bengal is taken as a case in point, where primarily men were registered. While the criticism on grounds of non-registration of women is perfectly valid, the critique mounted of the Left certainly needs to take note of the issues involved, especially since the left-inclined women were some of the most outspoken in demanding land rights for women. While pointing out the patriarchal bias in land reforms implemented by Left-led governments, it may have also been useful to explore what implications the abandonment of the land reforms programme altogether by other political configurations has on the economy in general and the lives of women specifically.[2] Agarwal claims that despite the legislations favouring land rights to women, very few have effective land control. Even in the few cases where women had land rights, the right to decision concerning sale of land or produce of land rests with male family head or male kin. In some cases, land rights were not given in a fair manner. Women would get a lower share than their male counterparts. Agarwal then comes on to the issue which is the main argument of Agarwal on why land rights are at all important for women and society in general. It is premised on: a) women’s bargaining power increases in home as well as in society (b) it is easy to find non farm employment opportunities (c) children are better taken care of if women has the money in her hand (d)Security of women will be assured if she has an asset (e)land will not be fragmented if it in the hands of women and its productivity will rise and so on. Likewise various reasons for giving rights to women have been brought forth from welfare, empowerment and equality perspectives. Enough reasons and counter reasons of providing land to women have been provided. Though scholars like Cecile Jackson has argued that increased women participation in land rights will induce conflict in household rather than mitigating it[3]. But Agarwal argues here that women already are in conflict in household going through various forms of harassment and violence. She says â€Å"In any case, if everything difficult were to be set aside on the argument that it might cause intra-family conflict, then where would we go with women’s struggles over reproductive rights, or over gend er-equal education, or over their freedom to choose their marriage partners or professions, and so on?†[4] She claims that giving rights to women who works on land will lead to more productivity from some empirical works. But Jackson refuses to take this argument and says this is just the logic of incentives that work here. So even if men are given rights they will have more incentive to increase productivity. But to propose that transfer of land from male to female ownership within a landed household is justified on this evidence is another matter entirely. Agarwal very well inculcated the argument of increasing bargaining power of women at household, community and the state level for empowerment of women. A member’s bargaining position is determined by the strength of person’s fall back position. If women possess an asset it will not only improve their fall back position but also give them greater bargaining power both within the household as well as outside. They can bargain for subsistence within the family and for fair distribution of resources in the community. Implicit or explicit bargaining can occur between an individual and the community over the rules governing economic resource use, political positions and social behaviour. Women’s bargaining strength with the state depends on factors such as whether they are able to organize themselves into groups and garner the support of media. Agarwal also brings forth the fact that it is majorly inheritance and succession practices which is customary rather than defined by law. In this customary inheritance of ancestral property, land goes to males of the family. She has pointed that this succession practice was not biased earlier where tribes like Garos, Nayars in India and many in Sri Lanka gave land rights and inheritance rights to women. However this has slowly eroded due to changes in customary practices and scarcity of land over which women had little control. She tries to find out what really defines land rights or inheritance rights for women by studying various communities in India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. She extensively studies and tabulates the nature of communities, marriage practices, marries close kin or not, residence after marriage, sexual freedom. Causation was established thus that if women marry with a close kin or remain within the village after marriage they can exercise control ov er any inherited property. However even in matrilineal or bilateral communities, jural authority or authority to participate in caste council rested with males. This is an essential feature which restricted women to have control over their lands. Their participation in caste councils have been fundamentally restricted which intensified the sufferings of women as there was no one to listen to their apathy. So as Agarwal says they ‘largely remain takers and not makers of many decisions that deeply affect their lives’. This is emphasised often that if women enter the struggle through ‘state apparatus’, it could be a crucial step towards women empowerment. Agarwal has also captured the essential aspect of this debate that why women don’t exercise their rights even if they can and is defined under law. Women tend to face various difficulties while inheriting land in traditionally patrilineal communities. They tend to voluntarily give up land rights in lieu of getting access to her brother’s house. Brother’s support is considered crucial in every aspect of women’s life customarily. Also women are at the receiving end of hostility from male kin in case she tries to exercise her rights. They are dependent on male kin for mediation with outside world. Other reason is that she finds it difficult to have land rights is lack of support from village bodies and government official as they are not allowed to participate in village panchayats and state bodies. Also the patwaris (village land records official) commonly present in Northern India favour custom law over existing law by registering land in names of males of the family only. Again the concern of unwillingness of the state and government officials to protect the rights of women is put forth. Even if the state enforces laws for women but it does not ensure practice of it rather promotes unwritten customary laws. Thus she points out that it will be less difficult to enforce land rights in Nepal, Sri Lanka and south India where the customs favouring women rights are into existence. It would be much difficult to apply in Pakistan, Northern India. Further Agarwal gives counter arguments for the reasons put forward by patriarchal society for not giving share of economic resources to women. Firstly, it is believed that if women own land they will not be able to access resources and since they are generally illiterate they will not be able to cultivate effectively. Agarwal counter argued it by providing a very admiring solution to this. She said that it will be effective if women could cultivate jointly as a group. This way they can pool resources and also can access credit easily. Also women have extensive knowledge of indigenous seeds and farming technique. If women operate as a group they can exercise greater bargaining power over community resources than if they work individually. Secondly, according to the slogan ‘land goes to the tiller’, women cannot have the right over land. Though it is the women who cultivate land yet they hold no rights over it. It was said that land will go to the tiller. Women were not a llowed to plough the land not just because of heaviness of the work but it is considered against the customs. So though the women sow the seed and harvested the crops without which there would have been no production yet they were denied land rights just if they did not plough the land. Another argument that is put forward by patriarchal society which though has been captured by other scholars like Goody(1973, 1976) that if women were given rights on ancestral property then their marriages have been tried to control. This argument is refreshed by Agarwal through empirical evidence taking in account both immovable and movables given as dowry. Patriarchal society claims that they give women their due share when they depart from house after marriage. But it is not recorded on the paper neither it is distributed in a fair manner. Also generally immovable like land is not passed on to daughter due to various considerations of distance and marrying a non kin. So generally the dowry that t he daughter gets is not used by her rather her in-laws use it. It is very interesting how she has captured the fact that songs, words and silence has been used as mediums of protest. Songs of folklore have been given as example to get an understanding of the fact that women interweave their sufferings in songs which pokes at patriarchal society. Sometimes silence and other times words were used as mediums to protest against the society which largely denies them rights. Small protests at home like daring to leave the house of husband is highlighted by Agarwal to point that woman actually suffered but did not come up openly to ask their rights. Various solutions have been put forward at the end of the book in the chapter ‘The long march ahead’. a)It is essential that state policies should be framed to incorporate gender equality b) Inheritance rather than dowry is the critical aspect for gaining bargaining power in household c) greater participation of women in jural bodies and representation in decision making bodies at village level d) women can acquire land rights as a group as it promotes infrastructural support. These solutions are expressed by Agarwal as, (p.494) â€Å"The shift in approach from welfare oriented to empowerment oriented, from top-down to participative, and from individual focused to group focused, in the 1980s, is an important step forward.† Agarwal concludes that struggle for gender equity is no different from struggles on many other fronts such as for democratic rights, against communalism etc. Also there has been increasing interaction among women groups internationally across Asia which has the potential for catalysing the formation of regional pressure groups around common concerns. It is not very clear how giving land rights will improve condition of women and productivity of land as there are many other empirical evidence other than those quoted by her that reveal in opposite direction. Whether land rights could be a single solution to various problems faced by women is doubtful. But land rights could be considered to be an essential first step towards women empowerment. As Agarwal makes it clear that what has crucial bearing on gender relation is not just rights over economic resources but also how, that is the process through which it is acquired. Acquiring those rights will require simultaneous struggles agains t many different facets of gender inequalities embedded in social norms and practices, access to public decision-making bodies at every level, gendered ideas and representations, and so on. It will require shifts in power balances in women’s favour in several different arenas: within the household, in the community and the market, and at different tiers of the state apparatus. REFERENCES: Bina Agarwal â€Å"Women’s Land Rights and the Trap of Neo-Conservatism: A Response to Jackson† (2003), Journal of Agrarian change 571-585 Bina Agarwal, Gender and land rights revisited: Exploring the new prospects through the state, family and market, Journal of Agrarian Change, 2003, 184-224 Cecile Jackson â€Å"Gender Analysis of Land: Beyond Land Rights for Women?† (2003) 3 Journal of Agrarian Change 453-480 Indu Agnihotri â€Å"Bringing Land Rights Centre-Stage† (1996), Economic and Political Weekly [1] Agarwal, Journal of Agrarian Change, 2003 [2] Indu Agnihotri â€Å"Bringing Land Rights Centre-Stage† (1996), Economic and Political Weekly [3] Cecile Jackson â€Å"Gender Analysis of Land: Beyond Land Rights for Women?† (2003) 3 Journal of Agrarian Change 453-480 [4] Agarwal Bina â€Å"Women’s Land Rights and the Trap of Neo-Conservatism: A Response to Jackson† (2003), Journal of Agrarian change 571-585

Comparison of Post War Poetry

Comparison of Post War Poetry Write an essay comparing John Agards, ‘In Times of Peace, and Fred DAguiars, ‘War on Terror: The post-war Caribbean Diaspora, and its attending aesthetic rise in poetics, is rooted in a celebration of paradox in the disorientation and anxiety of a conflicted cultural identity, and consequentially, the self-examination and inspection it provokes. John Agard and Fred dAguiar are no exception as both are of Guyanese origin, and both find themselves exploring the present in Britain, a present submerged in social and political turbulence to which the war in Afghanistan is inextricably linked. We find ourselves in a divided Age, wherein troubadours and poets no longer scribble from a faraway trench nor enlist at all, but instead fight in a socio-political arena against seemingly endless cavalries of disillusionment and bureaucratic control. The stanzaic Rebel-Yell is, today, battling alienation on a pseudo-home front orchestrated by vast and impersonal forces, and as a result Fred dAguiars proclamation, that â€Å"home is always elsewhere†, speaks volumes for our current c ondition. Agard and dAguiar, poets capable of fusing deep imagination with cultural and political realities, seem at once relevant voices in their potential to shed light from a paradoxical insider-and-outsider perspective. Traditionally, Agard and dAguiar have displayed firm grasps on iconoclastic satire and political criticism. Their poems, ‘In Times of Peace and ‘War on Terror, respectively, stay true to this tradition while sharing many other themes including; the psychological impact of modern warfare, dislocation, ambiguity, transience, and more. For every similarity however, there are differences, most profoundly in tone. Where ‘War on Terror is overwhelmingly elegiac with overtones of nostalgic resignation, ‘In Times of Peace seems defiant and provocative. Through these and other varied vehicles, the poems arrive with the same didactic intention of moving us into a vital awareness and inquisitiveness. Even at a first glance, the structural differences between the two poems are as striking as they are reflective, in that we are faced with the juxtaposition of dAguiars aesthetic minimalism and Agards erudite precision. In ‘War on Terror, the total exclusion of punctuation acts out the role of persistent catalyst for interpretation. The lack of direction created, while being profoundly symbolic of the convoluted war itself, also provokes an active readership in which the audience is forced into subjectively expressing the framework of the poem. This provocative absence almost constructs a dialogue between reader and poet, a poetic conversation and revelation free of political rhetoric but instead promoting personal understanding and endless possibilities for expression. Along with this understanding though, extreme ambiguity the ‘fog of war is ever-present and is only accentuated by the final non-conclusion. The fact that the last line is left open-ended leaves an after -taste of â€Å"nightmare†2 discomfort, wherein the ambiguously prosperous war remains unanswered for and closure is left unfound; thus this purposeful omission aims for a metaphorical rereading and search for answers. In contrast, John Agards deliberate inclusion of question-marks as the only punctuation lends to a more direct approach whereby he automatically denies any degree of finality or certainty, but in its place offers us the right questions. This careful placement, in conjunction with an apocalyptic ‘falling trochaic metre, draws attention to the gravity of the questions being asked, or the questions that should be asked and answered. Tension seems to rise as ‘In Times of Peace progresses along a series of internal-rhymes, with each quatrain growing closer to a complete Canzone verse a relatively archaic form traditionally reserved for the tragic, comic or elegiac in subject; and is therefore not out of place here. In this way, as the rigidity of Agards confrontation symbolises the homogenous production-lines of Capitalist war, dAguiars free-verse compliments the lack of punctuation in projecting a disquieting awareness of entropy3. Both poems display a deviant anaphora, with equally significant effects. In ‘War on Terror the repetition of â€Å"as long as†2, and more consistently, â€Å"long†2, serves both to provide changing states of time and perspective, and to emphasize the severity of the paradoxical â€Å"shorter†2 in the final stanza. The theme of Time and transience is abundant throughout, with the first and second stanzas introducing a conceit paradox that will be elaborated upon gradually until echoing indefinitely in the open-ended stanzaic non-conclusion. Before doing so however, the somewhat surrealistic inclinations of â€Å"paint behind the eyeballs†2 and plethora of functioning tropes succeed in defamiliarizing the reader from the mass-media-desensitization to ongoing war, so to give way to the abrupt and dire realities where â€Å"nightmares paint†2 Post Traumatic Stress disorders and the next generation dies for todays conflict â€Å"in their sleepâ₠¬ 2. The sense of time and relative transience is propelled by the changing metaphors and perspectives of short long, of â€Å"as long as a piece of string†2 contradicted by â€Å"no longer than a piece of string†2, of â€Å"as long as nightmares†2 juxtaposed with the evanescence of â€Å"paint†2. Mutually, ‘In Times of Peace uses the complexities of Time within the words, â€Å"begin†, â€Å"all there is†, â€Å"wilting†1, and urgent questioning of â€Å"are eyes ready†1, to create a sense of immediacy. Anaphora in Agards poem comes in the form of quantifiers and adverbs (â€Å"that†, â€Å"how†, â€Å"when†1) at the beginning of lines, enabling continuity of the inquisition. Figurative use of grammar is likewise found in dAguiars elegy as, in the final stanza, possessive pronouns of â€Å"this†, â€Å"our† and â€Å"their†2 are wielded to illustrate identity and allegiance â €Å"this war in this time under this government†2 not only projects a feeling of detachment and sterile anonymity, but the inclusion of â€Å"under†2 proposes a deeper anomie, oppression and inhumanity. Contrastingly, â€Å"our children†2 evokes a possessive responsibility just as, â€Å"their sleep†2 exemplifies a human right to self-ownership (of fate). The theme of inhumanity, or even sub-humanity, is moreover exposed when the only alliteration, a signpost for natural fluency and regularity, can be found in the nostalgic â€Å"tamarind tree† and â€Å"child crying†2. Furthermore, the incongruous imagery of â€Å"radar† and â€Å"whale†2 is rooted in irony, subjectively interpreted as a comparison between the natural purity of the whale, and the disturbing ‘new nature of technological man. This metaphor finds its feet most dramatically in Agards commentary, where the conceit metaphor throughout is that of modern-man cha nging or devolving into something unrecognisable. Via anatomical referencing of â€Å"finger†, â€Å"skin†, â€Å"feet†, â€Å"bodies†, â€Å"hearts†, â€Å"human arms†, â€Å"ears†, and â€Å"eyes†1, Agard contemplates the long-term impact of cross-generational war on human nature4. The alliteration of â€Å"at home in heavy boots†1 brings us to question whether the nature of modern humanity is rooted and reliant on war, leading onto our â€Å"stepping over bodies†1 to draw attention to ruthless Capitalist careerism, and finally questioning how we will â€Å"cope with a bubble bath†1 and whether terminal damage has been done and the notion of ‘peace is no longer relevant, but has been reduced to obscurity, to theory and vagrant optimism. Alliteration is present again in the orality of â€Å"bullets blood†1, but as if awakening in a violent realisation the fluency is halted abruptly by the line -ending â€Å"rush†1. These dystopian visions remain central to the satirical and sceptical comparisons of index fingers with â€Å"skin†, â€Å"feet† with â€Å"foam†, â€Å"arms† with the ironic â€Å"death of weapons†, and â€Å"ears† with the romantically-natural imagery of â€Å"wings†1. Considering these interpretations, the audience can find echoes of Rousseauian6 humanism in both Agard and dAguiars outlook on an anaemic mechanised society. Within our psychological black comedy, our â€Å"Parade Sauvage†7, refuge can be found in the rarity that is the autonomous realm of poetry no social compromise is offered, no empty promise, but in their places stands a state of rare human equality and mutual exploration. John Agards ‘In Times of Peace bares the ugly reality of our ‘evolution into the modern Prometheus by veiling serious musings, of the notion of Peace as a still-tangible possibility or a faded and fellatious mirage, with a darkly comical satire. Fred dAguiars ‘War on Terror, a title made metaphorical by its origins in mass-media and governmental reasoning, reflects upon the long-term consequences of war and leaves, open-ended, the prospect of a predetermined and doomstruck fate for our next generation of children. Appendix: Notes: 1. From focus text, John Agards ‘In Times of Peace 2. From focus text, Fred dAguiars ‘War on Terror 3. The focus poems both mirror each other in a stanzaic capacity for debate, with ‘In Times of Peace separated into three thematic sections of ‘War vs. Civilian Life (first and second stanzas), ‘War vs. Love and Soul (third stanza), and ‘Traditional Nature vs. New Human Nature (fourth and fifth stanzas). Fred dAguiars ‘War on Terror can be stanzaically split into two balanced faces of paradoxical Time, ‘the Indefinite (first and second couplets) and ‘the Definite (fourth and fifth couplets). 4. â€Å"The number of former servicemen in prison or on probation or parole is now more than double the total British deployment in Afghanistan†, and an â€Å"Estimated 20,000 veterans are in the criminal justice system, with 8,500 behind bars, almost 1 in 10 of the prison population†. Travis, Alan, ‘Revealed: The Hidden Army in UK Prisons, The Guardian, 25 September 2009, p.1. 5. Roberts, Neil, A Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2001) pg. 583. 6. Rousseau, J.J, The Social Contract (London: Penguin Group, 1968). 7. Rimbaud, Arthur, Complete Works Selected Letters, Bilingual edn (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2005) pp. 314-317. Bibliography: Silkin, John, The Life of Metrical and Free Verse in Twentieth-Century Poetry (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997). Roberts, Neil, A Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2001). Lennard, John, The Poetry Handbook, 2nd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). Rousseau, J.J, The Social Contract (London: Penguin Group, 1968). Focus Text: Approaching Poetry U67010 Module Handbook Semester 1, 2009-10: Agard, John, ‘In Times of Peace DAguiar, Fred, ‘War on Terror

African American Slang Essay -- Communication Language Essays

African American Slang African American Slang has had many other names: Ebonics, Jive, Black English, and more. The Oxford English Dictionary defines slang (in reference to language) in three different ways: 1) the special vocabulary used by any set of persons of a low or disreputable character; language of a low and vulgar type 2) the special vocabulary or phraseology of a particular calling or profession; the cant or jargon of a certain class or period 3) language of a highly colloquial type, considered as below the level of standard educated speech, and consisting either of new words or of current words employed in some special sense. Whatever one’s perspective on slang, it is a natural and inevitable part of language. In this paper I will discuss examples of current slang being used that some people may not understand. The African influence of American English can be found as far back as the Seventeenth century. Although its influence may have began that far back, the influence of African American slang has arguably reached its peak (so far) in the last half on the 20th century. Evidence of this can be seen in magazines, music, television, and films. Perhaps more importantly, evidence can be seen in the way that people of ethnic groups, other than African American, have changed their speech due to this influence. The Equal Rights Movement lead to a paradigm shift in African American linguistic consciousness due to Black intellectuals, scholars, activists, artists, and writers deliberately engaging in a search for a way to express Black identity and the particular circumstances of African American life. Although there had been strides in Black pride in the past, this was the first one to call for linguistic Black p... ...at this is a desired result. Ebonics is a fun variation on the standard, and as stated in the beginning of this paper, Ebonics has an influence; many would say a positive one, on the mainstream dialect. Works Cited Green, Jonathon. The Cassell Dictionary of Slang. London: Cassell, 1998. Klein, Ernest. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language.Volume 1 A-K. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company, 1966. Major, Clarence. Dictionary of Afro-American Slang. New York: International Publishers, 1970. New York - - -. Juba to Jive: A Dictionary of African American Slang. London: Penguin Books, 2000. Oxford English Dictionary Online. 2nd ed. May 2001. http://www.oed.com Scotti, Anna and Paul Young. Buzz Words New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997. Smitherman, Geneva. Black Talk. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000.

lord of flys ( i got a b+) 11th grade :: essays research papers

SYMBOLISM   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What?s it like to be stranded on a desert island in the prime of you youth, with no adult figure? William Golding show what may happen in just this circumstance. In this very complicated novel Golding brings out many ideas and shows what lack of the adult figure leads to. Above all others though comes symbolism of three main important objects being the conch, fire, and ?Piggy?s? eyeglasses. Through each of these three symbols Golding shows how the boys adapt and change throughout the novel. All three of these symbols together are one of the most important elements of the story.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first symbol, which is used all throughout the book, is the symbol of the Conch. The conch was a large shell which piggy had first unearthed on the island. The conch shows powers all throughout the book and always commands respect form the boys due to its importance. The importance and power would best be compared to that of a congregation when a Rabbi removes the torah from the ark, which holds it. The first quote which best shows the importance of the conch is when it is used by Ralph and Piggy to get all the boys together when they find themselves alone on the island. ?The Conch, we can use this to call the others. Have a meeting they?ll come when they hear us- (16).? Then again at the second meeting we see how the boys are drawn to the Conch and how it is like a magnet to the boys, which draws them to who ever uses it. ?By the time Ralph had finished blowing the conch the platform was crowded (32).? The conch also shows the first idea of civilization and rules. One example is when there is disorder because everyone I talking at once. ?Conch, that?s what the shell is called. I?ll give the conch to the next person who speaks. He can hold when he is speaking (33).? Finally the conch is used for is to show how Piggy does so much to help them and does not get credit for it. It was used that way when Piggy was the first one to see the Conch and Piggy was the one who knew what it was and instructed Ralph on how to use it. But when all the boys came from the Conch?s noise Ralph got credit for it.

Graduation Speech: Explore. Dream. Discover :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

I am about to give you a final challenge as a high school student. I am about to ask you to do something you were sure you wouldn’t have to do again for a while with the ending of high school. I am asking you to think. Please, just this once, take a moment to put that educated mind to work. Think of something you really want right now, go ahead, don’t complain, just do it. What do you really want? A few of you searched your minds and out of the millions of things you are sure you want, not one could surface above the rest. The most common thoughts you had were probably "I want to eat" or "I want to sleep" or, "I want to move this hanging thing over to the other side of my cap now so that I can be on my way." There’s something in common with what everyone just thought about. It’s something to make you happy. In a world of ever-growing business and technology, we hear about the new millionaires captured by stocks and the booming world of computers and along with them the amounts of money beyond the comprehension of most of us. This year, I believe I speak for the majority when I say we’ve felt so poor, cutting back on McDonald’s and TCBY to save up for an expensive trip to prom, a grad night party and college applications for which you sent the money away and weren’t even guaranteed anything but probably a nice postcard in return. Now, all of a sudden if we end up somehow with a $5 bill in hand, we think we’re all set and ready to go. A $5 bill is endless possibilities. The truth is, you won’t miss your $30 application fee in a few years, you’ll be happy if you have a job you look forward to every day. You won’t miss the money you spent on prom in 10 years, you’ll be happy if you are content with your life. Perhaps for you this means a family. As Einstein once said, "Happiness is the ability to enjoy the passage of time." Different people can reach happiness in so many different ways, but to everyone it is all that really matters. At this point in our lives it’s difficult not to think that happiness is had by material products — the newest technology, the nicest clothes around, or that car you probably aren’t getting for graduation.

Progress Process And Prospect Of Green Hotels Environmental Sciences Essay

AbstractionDeficit of natural resources and environmental pollutions are considered as marks of planetary heating and serious universe climatic menace in the last few decennaries. Hence, environmental preservation has been increasing of import to all sectors of the economic system for the states. Though there are many touristry governments that have created the criterions or enfranchisements for environmentally sustainable hotels, really few Malaysia hotels have policies turn toing the issues. This survey aims to specify the advancement of Malayan hotel Industry and suggesting the effectivity and chance for Malayan environmental hotels.Research ObjectiveAs green becomes the colour of the twenty-four hours, the large terra incognita, nevertheless, is whether the remainder of the industry will follow suit every bit good as the uncertainness demand for green hotel. Green hotel ever near related to sustainability. A sustainable hotel should hold as little a footmark ( computation the amo unt of a edifice ‘s environmental impact ) as possible. However, it is about impossible to accomplish a zero footmark in world. Most hotels could go truly â€Å" C impersonal † merely by buying green credits or carbon-offsetting ( e.g. , paying a company to works trees to antagonize the hotel ‘s carbon-dioxide emanations ) . In fact, it requires considerable of money for a hotel traveling theirs measure towards green patterns by conserving energy, H2O and solid waste direction, etc. Therefore, the aims in this survey are: To look into the chief factor that influence regular hotel alteration into green hotel To detect the proper ways that make the regular hotel become green hotel To comprehend the hereafter of the hotel after become greenProblem StatementRecently more people are encompassing a green life style. Since bing edifices contribute about 80 % of the C emanations in some metropoliss through their energy usage, a major focal point of these attempts has been on sustainable building. Hotels use a enormous sum of energy and H2O every bit good as collect a immense sum of waste. By making their portion to conserve, recycle, and cut down, they are protecting the planet every bit good as supplying a great topographic point for eco-friendly invitees to remain. The intent of this research is to analyze the current province of green hotel industry. Further this survey besides makes the cordial reception industry taking an enterprise or implement for the interest of the environment. The industry is cognizant of these concerns, and has been look intoing environmentally-friendly options that would still turn out consistent with guest concerns for at least the last 15 years.ATheoretical ModelGreen hotel is created to diminish the sum of waste come ining landfills and increase the sum of waste that can be recycled. Hospitality industry must alter their scheme into â€Å" green † motion besides they have to seeking practical environmental that lead to a better universe. A The hotel industry could profit economically from the green motion, foremost by pulling invitees who wish to follow a greener life style, every bit good as salvaging money through cost-saving energy patterns and equipment adjustments.A Being green means ‘Green ‘ hotels are following environmentally friendly patterns and plans that will cut down energy direction ( Amy 2009 ) , H2O preservation ( JeongDoo ) , and waste direction ( Evans, 2008 ) .H4H5H3H2H1Figure 1: Conceptual model of the chief patterns of being a green hotel Hypothesis 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4 ) 5 )Introductionâ€Å" Green † Hotels are environmentally-friendly belongingss whose directors are eager to establish plans that save H2O, salvage energy and cut down solid waste while salvaging money to assist protect our one and merely Earth. Recently more hotels are encompassing a green life style. Bing green agencies invitees, staff and direction are healthier. Since bing edifices contribute about 80 % of the C emanations in some metropoliss through their energy usage, a major focal point of these attempts has been on sustainable building. Many hotels are reacting to consumer demands for a healthier and greener life style by doing their concern more environmentally friendly. Not merely consumer demand, fiscal inducements besides like to promote the cordial reception industry to go on developing more environmentally friendly hotel. Bing green agencies hotel are following environmentally friendly patterns and plans that will cut down energy, H2O and waste ( Amy, 2009 ) . Green attempts can be every bit basic as H2O preservation steps ( such as promoting the re-use of invitee linens ) , housekeepers using environmentally safe cleansing merchandises or Eco-sensitive watering place and bath comfortss to grander enterprises such as all-green building ( Kathy, 2007 ) . Among the more marked Eco attempts are late built hotels that weave the usage of ecologically sound building stuffs and thoughts into their very construct. Expect further rejuvenation of hotels as consumer demand additions. Harmonizing to a study conducted by the Travel Industry Association and Partnership, most grownups say they would be more likely to choose an hotel that uses more environmentally friendly merchandises and procedures, because environmentally friendly merchandise do them go more fitter. Besides supplying a positive consequence, green hotel besides give some jobs. Hotel must pay more to acquire friendly merchandise, besides they have to looking for a new topographic point to develop their green hotel. It means that they must cutting down a wood to construct their green hotel. And that makes our environment go more diminish.Literature ReviewThe Origin of Green PracticesThe hotel industry, like many other did non entertain the construct of salvaging energy for many old ages, as oil monetary values were at an all clip low in the 1980 ‘s and the early portion 1990s ( Hirschland, Oppenheim and Webb, 2008 ) . The chemical and oil industries were the first to come under probe by conservationist due to the seeable nature of their environmental impact. The cordial reception an industry took a long clip to come under examination and as a consequence was slow to take duty in cut downing the impact of their concern were holding on the environment. The construct of green or friendly hotel has become a really serious and profound subject within the cordial reception sphere in the past decennary. Bowman ( 1975, p.74 ) states that a â€Å" series of widely publicized environmental calamities signaled the globalisation of environmental concern and that society has entered the last phase of a procedure that has taken worlds from fearing, to understanding, to utilizing, to mistreating, and now to worrying about the physical and biological universe around them Cordial reception suppliers are now been forced to take duty for the impact their services are holding on the environment. In 1996, Agenda 21 for the travel and touristry industry made cordial reception suppliers aware of the demand to heighten sustainability development. There is grounds in today ‘s literature to propose the execution of environmental patterns is widespread across the cordial reception industry as the benefit are infinite, the most of import being fiscal sustainability. Pizman ( 2009 ) believes that many cordial reception organisations are non interested in environmental sustainability for selfless or ethical grounds, but are strictly puting in environmental patterns for selfish profitable grounds. Houdre ( 2006 ) , Brown ( 2006 ) and Stark ( 2009 ) have made it clear that the premier ground for implementing environmental patterns is geared towards profitableness. Cotton ( 2007 ) believes that the intent of running any concern is to do a net income and so it is dismaying the figure of cordial reception organisations that are non following green patterns in order to drive long term profitableness. This suggests that there are barriers and obstructions with respect to the execution of environmental patterns in the cordial reception industry.Green Hotels in MalaysiaOver the past decennary many organisation, both in the private and the public sectors have recognized the value of a systematic attack to the direction of their organisation ( Abdallah, 2007 ) . Superficially, it might be argued that environmental direction is non of import issue in the Malayan hotel industry. Comparing with the other environmentally developed hotel industry from other states, Malaysia hotel industry ap pears missing in the consciousness for environmentally policy ( Azusa, 2009 ) . There is a realisation among many hotels that environmental direction does non entirely intend forestalling their milieus from being polluted. Daily operational activities and consideration, which range from the usage of recycled documents to minimising the usage of heavy chemicals besides provide a important cost economy step for hotels ( Hong and Parker, 2004 ) . Therefore, it is non true to province that investing in environmental direction patterns will ensue in the escalation of operational costs and eroding of net income borders ( Foster, Sampson and Dunn, 2000 ) Harmonizing to the star.com.my five hotels in Malaysia have been chosen as the new receivers of the ASEAN Green Hotel Award 2010, conveying the entire figure of such hotel in the state to 10.the five hotels are The Andaman Langkawi in Sedah, Shangri-LA ‘s Tanjung Aru Resort & A ; Spa in Kota Kinabalu. Mines Wellnes Hotel in Selangor, Shangri-La ‘s Rasa Ria Resort in Tuaran and Renaissance Kuala Lumpur Hotel. The ASEAN Green Hotel Award 2008 receivers which managed to retain their position were Hotel Melia Kuala Lumpur, Nexus Resort Karambunai in Sabah, Shangri-La ‘s Rasa Sayang Resort & A ; Spa in Penang, Shangri-la ‘s Hotel Kuala Lumpur and The Frangipani Langkawi Resort & A ; Spa. The ASEAN Green Hotel Standard is an indispensable tool to back up ASEAN as a universe category quality finish.Zero Waste Approach – Traveling Beyond Best PracticesThis study discusses several subjects that illustrate ways hotel are going greener. Although implementing the b est patterns saves money, this study shows how to travel beyond best patterns. The end being a friendly hotel is to extinguish every bit much as possible the negative impacts on the environment both by cut downing ingestion of resources and by altering the patterns so that the waste hotel green goods can be used as natural stuff. Achieving zero waste may or may non possible in the foreseeable hereafter. What matters is working towards zero waste by go oning to implement plans as new chances to utilize antecedently wasted stuffs become available. Nowadays a few prima hotels are endeavoring to go zero waste trade names, which does non needfully intend the riddance of all byproduct. It means utilizing resources expeditiously, utilizing renewable resources and when coevals of byproducts is ineluctable, utilizing those byproduct as natural stuff for other procedures. Besides implementing zero waste, energy preservation and H2O preservation besides of import to patterns the green hotel. The cost nest eggs and environmental benefits of the nothing waste enterprise more of import and it takes to establish such a plan. The procedure of making zero waste takes several months to finish with most organisations seeing feasible consequences after the first twelvemonth ( Thayne, 2010 ) . The zero waste procedure must affect every member of the hotel, with a nucleus squad or maneuvering commission supervising the enterprise. To accomplish zero waste hotels must place how much waste exists in the organisation past to the enterprise and work together with the each member of the section to find the sum of waste created in each class. A few prima hotels today are determined to go zero waste trade name, which does non needfully intend the riddance of all by merchandises. It means that utilizing resources expeditiously, utilizing renewable resources and when coevals of by merchandise is ineluctable, utilizing those by merchandises as natural stuff for other procedures ( Abhinav and Rajeshwari, 2001 ) .Environmental Management Practices ( EMP )Over the past decennary many organisation, both in the private and the public sectors, have recognized the value of a systematic attack to the direction of their organisations. Apparently, it might be argued that environmental direction is non an of import issue in the Malayan hotel industry. After all, certain groups might reason that it is impossible for the hotels to be environmentally cognizant due to high investing cost involved. However, upon deeper scrutiny of the topic might uncover that hotels in Malaysia can non avoid facing this issue for long if they are to stay com petitory ( Ahmad, 2007 ) . There is a realisation among many hotels that environmental direction does non merely intend forestalling their milieus from being polluted. Daily operational activities and consideration, which range from the usage of recycled documents to minimising the usage of heavy chemicals besides provide a important cost economy step for hotel ( Hong & A ; Parker, 2004 ) . Environmental direction is a direction model for cut downing environmental impacts and bettering hotel public presentation overtime. In other words, environmental direction provide hotel of all types with a constructions attack for pull offing environmental and regulative duties to better overall environmental public presentation ( Vandermerwe & A ; Oliff, 1990 ) . Environmental direction pattern enterprises consist of several patterns such as holding an environmental policy, preparation and honoring workers to happen chances to forestall pollution, puting corporation broad internal criterions, set abouting internal environmental audits and following the doctrine of entire quality direction in environmental direction ( Khanna & A ; Anton, 2002 ) . In general, environmental direction pattern would include the extent to which a company has defined its environmental policy, developed processs to set up environmental aims, to choose and enforced environmental patterns assessed the result s of such patterns and has allocated environmental duties ( Klassen & A ; Whybark, 1996 ) . Such an force per unit area in the hotel industry would intend that environmental direction should be studied from all proficient and organisational angles so as to cut down the environmental impact caused by a hotel ‘ concern operations. The benefit of following Environmental Management Practices is many-sided. For case, of the streamlining of a hotel ‘s operational activities to be harmonic with environmental demands will accrue nest eggs ( Rondinelli & A ; Vastag, 1995 ) through the bar of environmental debasement in bend taking to cut down cost of production and higher net income ( Pava & A ; Krausz, 1997 ; Russo, Fouts & A ; Paul, 1997 ; Waddoek & A ; Graves, 1997 ) . Ultimately, the execution of Environmental Management Practices ‘ may supply hotels with alone environmental resources operation, capablenesss and benefits that may confabulate a competitory advantage to practicians ( Hart, 1995 ; Klassen & A ; Whybark, 1999 ) . Such benefit may obtain from image benefit, encompassing of eco-tourism and cost economy ( Aalders, 2002 ; Holland & A ; Foo, 2003 ; Kollman, 2001 ; Prakash, 2002 ) .Energy EfficiencyHotels are the largest consumers of energy non merely in constructing building but besides as constitution with complex installings, which provide invitees with high degree of multi-faceted comfort and sole comfortss, intervention and installations. Many of the services provided to hotel invitees are extremely resource intensive whether it concerns energy, H2O or natural stuffs. A important sum of the energy used is wasted go forthing sample for intelligent steps of energy efficiency and preservation ( Joseph, 2009 ) . Since the installing of energy, H2O and natural stuff salvaging techniques in hotels can accomplish environmental advancement and offer competitory advantages to hotels in surpassing their opposite numbers, many new energy salvaging installations have been introduced by the hotel sector in the past few old ages following t echnological progresss ( Willy, 2009 ) . The addition in energy monetary value agencies that energy preservation attempts should be taken to cut down the consequence of energy cost ( Weng Wai, Buang and Abdul Hakim, p.58, 2006 ) . As stated by Yukata Mizuta ( 2003 ) , energy preservation may non merely convey decreases in C dioxide emanation, but may besides take to salvaging in the outgo on energy. On a world-wide footing, the energy used in the hotels is preponderantly fossil fuel based or comes from atomic reactors ( Philip, 2009 ) . A genuinely sustainable hotel must non merely see ways to utilize energy sagely but should besides see the possibilities of heightening the usage of energy from renewable resources. About 40 % of the energy used in a hotel is electricity, 60 % comes from natural gas and oils fuels ( Niki, 2008 ) . These energy carriers are brought in by the hotel. The energy is converted by a figure of transition into the most of import internal flows of energy viz. heat, cold and illuming. Heat is used in t he signifier of hot H2O ; hot H2O is used in the signifier of hot tap H2O. Cold is used chiefly for chilling and drying the airing air, largely cold is produced in the signifier of ice H2O. Figure 1. Energy ingestion that usage in the hotel Lighting is one of the largest electrical energy consumers in the hotels, as in many other sorts of public-service corporation edifices. Figure 1 shows that some 35 % of the entire energy ingestion in hotel goes to illuming. Lighting installing must supply equal degrees of illuming for each activity. Bright and comfort degree are besides of import for illuming inside the hotels, depending on the country where illuming are required. Lighting degrees necessary for each zone are established in the lighting ordinances of each peculiar state. These degrees should be reached by the most suited lamps for each application. When it comes to the energy nest eggs that can be made on lighting, there are two chief ways. Efficient illuming Required lighting is supplied by light resources, which are made up of lamp and leading lights. The pick of light beginning depends on assorted standards, e.g. : efficiency colour temperature, colour representation index, lamp life, emanation modeaˆÂ ¦etc. Lighting in the different countries of the hotels have different demand, but it is really of import that the most efficient lamp is chosen for each application. Smart exchanging Another nest eggs can be achieved with â€Å" smart shift † of illuming. Lighting is often switched on unnecessarily when there is sufficient daytime or there is cipher in the room. With manual operated system particularly, light tend to be left firing needlessly.Water ConservationWater preservation encourage hotel to pull off how and when H2O is being used, manage both the proficient and human side of H2O direction issues. It is estimated that by 2010, H2O usage addition to about 475 gallons per twenty-four hours for each hotel room ( Sarah, 2002 ) .however in other adjustments, H2O utilizations still a cost and an of import emphasis on the local environment. In many instances H2O preservation can be a affair of buying and utilizing the proper systems. Factors that consider H2O beginnings may include renewability, possible impact on the environment and H2O supplies every bit good as economic benefit. Some of developing states, hotel H2O usage may impact the H2O supplies of the local people. Any H2O usage decrease plan must hold full support of the each member of the hotel. Some hotel estimated that merely little per centum of H2O consumed by the invitee, the ba lance is used by the fille de chambres during cleansing. Water is important resources for the cordial reception industry as it limited resource and needed for figure activities as illustrated in figure 2. Figure 2. Hotel H2O system and usage Identifying where H2O usage is utmost of import to hotel in developing countries. With increasing consciousness of cost economy chances through H2O preservation, assorted related plans have been developed and implemented among hotel companies. Harmonizing to Marriott International ( 2007 ) linen reuse plan, promoting invitees to recycle lines and towels during they stay contributes to salvaging 11 to 17 % on hot H2O. Previous literature besides reported that linen and towel reuse plans are well-established patterns in hotel in most states, with more than two-thirds of the respondents in surveies conducted in different states utilizing such plan ( Bohdanowicz, 2006 ; Erdogan and Baris 2007 ; Mensah, 2006 ) . This plan saves non merely hot H2O and energy, but besides reduces the usage of detergents and thereby reduces effluent.Waste ManagementCordial reception industry can go of import factor in the minimisation of waste that is presently disposed of at landfill sites. Waste direction has been designed and implemented to cut down the volume and toxicity of refuse ( Iwanowski and Rushmore, 1994 ) . Erdogan and Barish ( 2007 ) conducted a survey to analyze environmental patterns and found that paper and nutrient waste are the greatest sum of waste generated beginnings of hotels. Previous research indicates that the degree of hotels ‘ committedness to blow screening and recycling varies, depending on regulative force per unit areas and local authorities ‘s support. Waste minimisation and direction involves cut down, reuse and recycling. These attempts combine to minimise the sum of waste disposed and the cost of disposal and aid to guarantee that concluding disposal is done in an sanctioned and sustainable mode. Minimizing waste coevals begins in buying map. Buying in majority, utilizing merchandise manufactured from recycled stuffs, commanding the use of merchandise to avoid waste and working with provider to minimise merchandise packaging are all proved ways to minimise waste coevals ( David, 2002 ) Reuse as a agency of waste decrease has been practiced in the cordial reception industry for many old ages ; beverage container such as those keeping syrup dressed ore and beer kegs are typical. Reuse does non hold to go on on the belongings itself ; used linens can be donated to shelters or other charitable organisations for reuse ( Willy, 2009 ) . Recycling stuffs is better pick than recycling, firing or landfill. Recycling different from recycling, recycling interruptions down an point into the basic parts and makes a new merchandise out of it, but recycling an points keeps the stuff in its original signifier and uses the point over and over once more for the same or different intent. Recycling as a agency of preservation can be turned into gross steam. The monetary value paid for recycled stuffs varies geographically and over clip ( Philip, 2009 ) . A recycled merchandise describes a merchandise that is made wholly or partially from secondary stuff recovered from consumer waste. Some merchandise are reduced to their natural province and remanufactured into something resembling their original province. In the instance of recycled paper, the newspaper gathered from invitee sleeping rooms and the used notepaper coming from the hotel transcript store are reduced back to their natural province of paper mush which is so used to bring forth more paper. Unfortunately, many merchandises recycled in this mode come back as lesser quality merchandise ( David, 2002 ) . Reduce as a means decreasing the sum points or resources that are consumed utilizing the sum that is needed. The illustration of the cut down undertaking that hotel can make is ; cut down the sum and toxicity of rubbish that hotel discard, possibilities include buying lasting, long permanent goods, seeking merchandise and packaging that are as toxin free as possible and redesigning merchandises to utilize fewer natural stuffs in production, last longer or can be used once more after their original intent. Hotel activities should be able to be safely assimilated into natural system, therefore foregrounding the demand of solid and liquid direction techniques Figure 3. Wastage that generated by hotel Solid waste in hotels has many constituents, including paper, nutrient, assorted metals, plastics, aluminium and glass. This gives a image of the assortment of waste that can be produces by merely a little figure of hotels in a metropolis. When looked at with a zero-waste attitude, these figures show the chances for both resource recovery and waste decrease. Implementing a solid waste decrease plan in a hotel can make important cost nest eggs in waste trucking fees while making a more environmentally friendly hotel ( Sarah, 2002 ) . This is particularly true as solid waste becomes a more important environmental issue and landfill fees addition. Frequently hotels hesitate to set up plan in solid direction because of the coordination and cooperation needed among direction, employees and invitees. However the cost benefit is an inducement.Implementing Green EnterprisesWhile many companies and persons talk about ways they can assist the environment, it is still merely a few that are really making a program of action. Meeting Professionals International or MPI took its first measure in 2006 at the Professional Education Conference, a convention of run intoing contrivers from around the universe. MPI worked with the convention centre to recycle merchandises from the meeting by donating leftover nutrient bank, donating marks to local schools for art undertakings and utilizing green providing for conference events ( Gardner, 2006 ) . These are simple ways to add a green enterprise to the hotel and integrate a no waste pattern at small cost. One manner meeting contrivers can larn what a hotel provides in term of green pattern is by puting green petition into the petition for proposal. Some contrivers are inquiring for recycling plans to be in topographic point. Planners are besides bespeaking that hotels have complete green plans in topographic point or their hotel will non be chosen for an event ( Gardner, 2006 ) Banquet Department Harmonizing to Nancy Wilson of Meeting Strategies Worldwide, these are some stairss that can be taken to green the hotel: Use e-mail alternatively of paper mail Use an online enrollment system Forgo passing out conference bags unless they are made of recycled stuffs A truly interesting idea is to take hotels either near the airdrome or shut to all activities associating to the meeting ( Gardner, 2006 ) . This will restrict C dioxide emanations by restricting the demand for vehicular transit from one location to the following. As for nutrient service, the feast section should update how nutrient and java interruptions are presented to the invitee. Alternatively of separately wrapped Sweets, honey, jams and picks, the hotel needs to exchange to bulk containers that can be reused many times, making less rubbish ( McPhee, 2006 ) . In add-on, alternatively of street arab utensils, silverware should be supplied to stir java and tea. Refillable H2O jugs that can be set up periodically throughout the meeting infinite with existent spectacless available should be used in topographic point of bottled H2O. Changing the lighting to energy efficient bulbs in the meeting infinite, fittingness centre and employee merely countries of the hotel will be high precedence. Groups have specific illuming demands for the meeting infinite, but the fittingness centre and back of house do non necessitate to hold many different types of illuming. Fortunately, there are many new efficient bulbs that can now be dimmed and adjusted to the groups ‘ demands in the event infinite ( Fedrizzi and Rogers, 2002 ) . The more intense undertaking will be put ining gesture detectors throughout the meeting infinite and back of house. These countries are used for a big sum of clip each twenty-four hours, but there are times when no 1 would be in the countries at all. If the detectors could turn the visible radiation on and off when person walks in or out of a room by observing organic structure heat, so the energy would be cut down in comparing to when the visible radiations are left on continuously ( Serlen, 2008 ) . Guest Room The invitee room is a hard location to implement alterations, as it requires the invitee to believe what the hotel would wish to alter. If the invitee wants new sheets each twenty-four hours, so the hotel most likely will compel the invitee to do them happy. That being said, many enterprises can be taken to do it easy for the invitee to take part in the new policies. Another facet is how to salvage energy in empty invitee suites. Harmonizing to Jeff Sobieski ( 2008 ) , hotel guestrooms are unoccupied about 60 % of the clip. This mean that for 60 % of the clip, the hotel can be in control of the temperature and lighting of a guestroom and pull off how much energy is being used during that clip without interfering with the invitee ‘s comfort. The following are two illustrations of energy salvaging scenarios that can take topographic point in invitee suites. The first is to alter visible radiation bulbs to energy efficient visible radiation bulbs that will last long and use less power. The other alteration is the â€Å" turn off ‘ plan. This plan will hold the Thermostat linked to the hotel database so the temperature can alter when the guest cheque in and out. This system can besides reset itself anytime the guest leaves the room ( Freed, 2008 ) . Besides, if the room has a balcony, anytime the balcony door opens, the temperature will reset itself. Ran in concurrence with the 2nd scenario, the â€Å" turn off † plan, hotels can utilize in-room tenancy sensors. These sensors use organic structure heat detectors to scan the room to look into is a invitee has entered or exited the room. Once it detects that person is in the room, the system will return the temperature of the room back to the invitee ‘s penchant. The detectors can besides be used as a manner to maintain the visible radiations from being left on all twenty-four hours and dark. If there is no motion in a present sum of clip, the detectors can describe database that it is All right to turn off the visible radiations. While this will salvage energy, some guest prefers to walk into a room with light. This can be fixed by holding a hall light bend on when the forepart door opens so the invitee is non come ining a dark room. This can be managed by a detector or by a connexion between the door and the visible radiation ( Hanna, 2008 ) . Restaurant The countries of eating house and kitchens that are non seen by invitees can salvage energy through a survey of how the contraptions are used and comparing that to how they are supposed to be used. The chief manner to salvage energy in the kitchens is to learn the staff the proper manner to utilize the equipment ( Jones, 2002 ) . For illustration teach the staff to shut the icebox door when non in usage. In add-on, maintaining the equipment cleaned and maintained will do certain that the equipment is running at its best degree ; this will assist guarantee the lowest sum of energy would be used ( Lawn, 2008 ) The thought of replacing the contraptions in the laundry country besides can be applied to hotel kitchens. For illustration, a new energy star steam cooker can be 60 % more efficient than the regular theoretical accounts available ( Brodsky, 2005 ) . This type of nest eggs can be applied to all the contraptions. Housekeeping or Laundry The energy salvaging in the laundry country will necessitate some installation of new contraptions and systems. While there will be an initial cost associated with the new contraptions, it will salvage energy in the long tally. The first alteration will be to put in new gas driers that can dry cloth more rapidly and utilize less energy. The other new system is a heat recovery unit that can salvage the heat from the old H2O rhythm in the wash and reassign the heat to the clean H2O being used in the following rhythm ( Fedrizzi and Rogers, 2002 ) . Both of these options are making new ways to conserve energy, but non altering the existent procedure of making wash. The hotel ‘s housekeeping staff would be responsible for watching for leaks throughout all invitee suites and hotel infinite. Harmonizing to Ashwin Patel ( 2008 ) , a individual leak can blow 10,000 litres yearly ; all sinks, showers and lavatories need to be checked for leaks. These are initial measure and easy holes that can be taken while waiting for larger enterprises to take topographic point.Expectation from Green HotelFor many old ages, the hotel industry was loath to admit any important influence on the natural milieus. Hotel edifices for the illustration, due to their very specific and alone map and operational form, by and large have a much larger ecological impact than other commercial edifices of similar size. At the same clip, the well being and development of the touristry and the hotel industry relies to a great extent on the handiness of clean, natural environment ( Paulina, Branko and Ivo, 2004 ) The most of import side consequence of traveling green is to make a more sustainable environment. This is the chief end of all the aforesaid enterprises. Besides, the illustrations of alterations have shown the nest eggs that can be achieved for the hotel. However, one chief positive facet may look a small selfish. There are many grounds why company chooses to make the undertakings they do, and for the most portion it is because the hotel wants to be viewed positively by client or invitee. Harmonizing to Patrick Hartman and Vanessa Ibanez ( 2006 ) , if the trade name is considered green, so consumers are willing to pay more for that merchandise. This allows the hotel to experience as if they are making something good for the environment while go toing the conference they planned on attention. Hypothesis 1: Hotel that operate green patterns will ensue in the betterment of operational costs and less of net income Hypothesis 2: